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Neuroscience - spring 2024 > lec 1 - overview of the nervous system > Flashcards

lec 1 - overview of the nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

Afferent:

A

conducted inward (input)

think sensory to the CNS

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2
Q

Efferent:

A

conducted outward (output)

think motor away from CNS

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3
Q

Sensory:

A

afferent input into CNS (pain, temperature, touch, etc.)

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4
Q

Motor:

A

efferent output from CNS (motor innervation to muscle)

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5
Q

Somatic:

A

refers to skeletal muscle and/or body wall

think limbs

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6
Q

Autonomic/Visceral:

A

refers to viscera and body cavities

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7
Q

Ganglion:

A

collection/group of neuronal cell bodies in PNS

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8
Q

Nucleus:

A

collection/group of neuronal cell bodies in CNS

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9
Q

Central nervous system (CNS) is made up of

A

Brain
Spinal cord

(all the neurons that make up the spinal cord, brainstem, and brain)

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10
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of

A

Cranial nerves (12 pairs)

Spinal nerves (31 pairs)

2 divisions: somatic and autonomic

> neurons/ nerves that leave or branch off the CNS

> dorsal/ ventral roots
spinal nerves
dorsal/ ventral rami
cranial nerves
peripheral ganglia
sympathetic trunk

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11
Q

Overview of the Nervous System

A

> neurons can have part of their structure in the CNS and another part of their structure in the PNS

> lower motor neurons have their cell bodies in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, while their axons leave the spinal cord via spinal nerves to go to muscles to innervate them

> pseudounipolar sensory neurons have their cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion, yet their central process enter the CNS so that we can integrate the sensory information

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12
Q

Information Flow in the Nervous System

A

Sensory receptor -> sensory/afferent input -> integration in CNS -> motor/efferent output -> effector ->
response

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13
Q

Afferents & Efferents:

A

joints, skin, skeletal muscle -> somatosensory fibers -> CNS -> somatomotor fibers -> skeletal muscle

viscera, vessels -> viscerosensory fibers -> CNS -> visceromotor fibers -> glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

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14
Q

4 Modalities

A

somatic sensory
visceral sensory
somatic motor
visceral motor

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15
Q

Somatic sensory:

A

pain, temperature, touch, pressure, stretch, proprioception

Fibers convey impulses from skin, joints, and skeletal muscles

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16
Q

Visceral sensory:

A

pain, temperature, touch, pressure, stretch, proprioception

Fibers convey impulses from viscera, blood vessels, and glands

ex) stretch of the stomach

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17
Q

Somatic motor:

A

skeletal muscles

Fibers provide somatic motor innervation to skeletal muscles

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18
Q

Visceral motor:

A

smooth and cardiac muscles

Fibers provide autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) motor innervation to smooth and cardiac muscles in viscera, blood vessels, and glands

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19
Q

Planes of Section

A

Horizontal/Transverse/Axial

Coronal/Frontal

Sagittal

When a plane of section lies somewhere between these three principal planes, it is referred to as oblique

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20
Q

horizontal/transverse/axial plane

A

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

The horizontal plane is orthogonal to the superior-inferior axis

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21
Q

frontal/coronal plane

A

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

The coronal plane is orthogonal to the anterior-posterior axis

This plane is perpendicular to the long axis of the person’s body

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22
Q

sagittal plane

A

divides the body into right and left halves

The sagittal plane is orthogonal to the left-right axis

Midsagittal means that the section is in the sagittal plane at the midline of the body

Parasagittal means that the section is in the sagittal plane but is not at the midline of the body

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23
Q

The PNS has 2 divisions:

A

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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24
Q

Somatic nervous system (SNS):

A

Target/effector: skeletal muscle

1 motor neuron pathway

Cell body in CNS

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25
Autonomic nervous system (ANS):
Target/effector: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands > Sympathetic division > Parasympathetic division > Enteric division 2 motor neuron pathway Preganglionic (presynaptic) neuron = Cell body in CNS Postganglionic (postsynaptic) neuron = Cell body in PNS
26
sympathetic division =
“fight or flight” division causing “stress” responses in the body > increasing heart rate > dilating the pupils > stimulating sweat glands to produce sweat
27
parasympathetic division =
“rest and digest” division responsible for restful responses and digestion > decreasing heart rate > constricting the pupils > stimulating peristalsis
28
enteric division =
regulates the gut tube
29
In general, sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system target the same organs, but they typically have opposing actions/effects
Sympathetic innervation to heart increases heart rate = “Fight or flight” response > more widespread - goes to skin Parasympathetic innervation to heart decreases heart rate = “Rest and digest” response
30
Major CNS Regions
> Cerebrum > Cerebellum > Diencephalon > Brainstem (Mesencephalon/ midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata) > Spinal cord
31
cerebrum =
controls higher order cognitive functions, including intellect, reasoning, learning and memory, planning, and emotion memory storage and processing conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
32
cerebellum =
inferior to the cerebrum and posterior to the brainstem has a right and left cerebellar hemisphere Involved in balance and coordination coordinates complex somatic motor patterns adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord
33
diencephalon =
thalamus = relay and processing centers for sensory and motor information hypothalamus = centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production
34
brainstem =
connects the diencephalon and spinal cord and controls daily functions that keep you alive: breathing and heartbeat centers small part of the brain, but it is the only part that is required for life many vital functions, including autonomic and homeostatic functions
35
brainstem 3 major components (from rostral to caudal):
Midbrain: maintains consciousness, alertness, and attention Pons: input to cerebellum for coordination Medulla (oblongata): cardiac and respiratory centers
36
mesencephalon =
processing of visual and auditory data generation of reflexive somatic motor responses maintenance of consciousness
37
pons =
relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers
38
medulla oblongata =
relays sensory information to thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities)
39
The __ is the largest part of the brain and is divided into right and left hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure
cerebrum > receives sensory input from the contralateral side of the body and sends motor output to the contralateral side of the body > The cerebrum controls the opposite side of the body = right cerebral hemisphere controls the left half of the body, and the left cerebral controls the right half of the body
40
Lobes of the Cerebrum
frontal parietal temporal occipital
41
Frontal lobe:
motor control, speech, emotions, cognition, and executive functions > intellect reasoning, decision making & reward
42
Parietal lobe:
detecting and interpreting sensations from the body (somatosensation) > main sensory lobe > taste, speech, reasoning
43
Temporal lobe:
hearing, smell, emotions, and memory > olfactory, auditory cortex
44
Occipital lobe:
detecting and interpreting visual information > vision
45
insular lobe/cortex =
deeper cortical region that is located in the Sylvian/lateral fissure between the frontal and parietal and temporal lobes involved in linking sensory experience and emotional reactivity
46
Cerebral Cortex
The cerebral cortex has gyri and sulci, which allows it to increase surface area without taking up more space In neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer’s disease, neurons in the cerebral cortex die: > making the gyri smaller > sulci to increase in size > sulci fill with more CSF older person falls, their brain will move more within their skull and is more susceptible to a concussion or contusion as the brain hits the skull
47
Gyrus:
elevated ridge on the cerebral cortex
48
Sulcus:
shallow depression/groove between gyri
49
Fissure:
deep depression/groove (typically between lobes of the cerebrum)
50
Gray-White-Gray Organization of Cerebrum
The outer gray matter of the cerebrum forms the cerebral cortex White matter connects the cerebral cortex and deeper nucleic groups The deep/internal gray matter of the cerebrum forms nuclei, basal ganglia, and parts of the limbic system subcortical white matter = composed of myelinated axons that connect the cortex to deeper CNS regions
51
Corpus Callosum
largest commissural fiber bundle in the cerebrum connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres The corpus callosum is white matter Layer III pyramidal neuron axons form the corpus callosum and connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres located deep to the lobes of the cerebrum and most of it is superior to the lateral ventricles
52
Internal Capsule
contains sensory and motor axons of ascending and descending tracts and limbic system fibers contains output fibers from the cerebral cortex and input fibers from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex is the white matter that is located between the thalamus and the nuclei that form the basal ganglia (e.g., globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, putamen)
53
anterior limb of the internal capsule: posterior limb of the internal capsule:
anterior = conveys limbic information to the prefrontal cortex posterior = contains sensory and motor fibers
54
___ form the posterior limb of the internal capsule and then enter the cerebral peduncles (crus cerebri)
cortical efferent fibers (e.g., corticospinal tracts)
55
Primary Motor Cortex
Location (functional area): the primary motor cortex is in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe Functions: execution of motor plans and voluntary movements Contains upper motor neurons that control contralateral body movements Somatotopic map = motor homunculus
56
The precentral gyrus is on ____
the lateral surface of the frontal lobe and continues medially
57
The primary motor cortex is in the ___
precentral gyrus
58
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Location (functional area): the primary somatosensory cortex is in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe Functions: detects somatosensory information (e.g., touch) > somatosensations (e.g., touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, pain, and temperature Receives sensory information from the contralateral side of the body Somatotopic map = somatosensory homunculus
59
The primary somatosensory cortex is in the ___
postcentral gyrus = posterior to the central sulcus > receives sensory input from the thalamus via thalamocortical fibers that project to layer IV
60
Sensory and Motor Homunculi
Somatotopic organization: specific parts of body map to specific parts of CNS upper motor neurous in primary cortex - specific arrangement - certain areas bigger/smaller depending on #, lots in face and hands
61
The diencephalon is a collection of nuclei deep in the cerebrum that links the __ and ___
cerebrum brainstem
62
Diencephalon Major components:
Thalamus: key relay center for cerebrum (every sensation except smell goes here first) Hypothalamus: regulate homeostasis Subthalamus: motor control Epithalamus and pineal gland: regulate circadian rhythms (receives info. about light/dark, secretes melatonin) Pituitary gland: hormone regulation
63
Spinal Cord spinal levels
Cervical: 8 spinal levels Thoracic: 12 spinal levels Lumbar: 5 spinal levels Sacral: 5 spinal levels Coccygeal: 1 spinal level

Neuroscience - spring 2024 (10 decks)

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