Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience - spring 2024 > lec 1 - overview of the nervous system > Flashcards

lec 1 - overview of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent:

A

conducted inward (input)

think sensory to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Efferent:

A

conducted outward (output)

think motor away from CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sensory:

A

afferent input into CNS (pain, temperature, touch, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Motor:

A

efferent output from CNS (motor innervation to muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Somatic:

A

refers to skeletal muscle and/or body wall

think limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Autonomic/Visceral:

A

refers to viscera and body cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ganglion:

A

collection/group of neuronal cell bodies in PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Nucleus:

A

collection/group of neuronal cell bodies in CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Central nervous system (CNS) is made up of

A

Brain
Spinal cord

(all the neurons that make up the spinal cord, brainstem, and brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of

A

Cranial nerves (12 pairs)

Spinal nerves (31 pairs)

2 divisions: somatic and autonomic

> neurons/ nerves that leave or branch off the CNS

> dorsal/ ventral roots
spinal nerves
dorsal/ ventral rami
cranial nerves
peripheral ganglia
sympathetic trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Overview of the Nervous System

A

> neurons can have part of their structure in the CNS and another part of their structure in the PNS

> lower motor neurons have their cell bodies in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, while their axons leave the spinal cord via spinal nerves to go to muscles to innervate them

> pseudounipolar sensory neurons have their cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion, yet their central process enter the CNS so that we can integrate the sensory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Information Flow in the Nervous System

A

Sensory receptor -> sensory/afferent input -> integration in CNS -> motor/efferent output -> effector ->
response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Afferents & Efferents:

A

joints, skin, skeletal muscle -> somatosensory fibers -> CNS -> somatomotor fibers -> skeletal muscle

viscera, vessels -> viscerosensory fibers -> CNS -> visceromotor fibers -> glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

4 Modalities

A

somatic sensory
visceral sensory
somatic motor
visceral motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Somatic sensory:

A

pain, temperature, touch, pressure, stretch, proprioception

Fibers convey impulses from skin, joints, and skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Visceral sensory:

A

pain, temperature, touch, pressure, stretch, proprioception

Fibers convey impulses from viscera, blood vessels, and glands

ex) stretch of the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Somatic motor:

A

skeletal muscles

Fibers provide somatic motor innervation to skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Visceral motor:

A

smooth and cardiac muscles

Fibers provide autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) motor innervation to smooth and cardiac muscles in viscera, blood vessels, and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Planes of Section

A

Horizontal/Transverse/Axial

Coronal/Frontal

Sagittal

When a plane of section lies somewhere between these three principal planes, it is referred to as oblique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

horizontal/transverse/axial plane

A

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

The horizontal plane is orthogonal to the superior-inferior axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

frontal/coronal plane

A

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

The coronal plane is orthogonal to the anterior-posterior axis

This plane is perpendicular to the long axis of the person’s body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

sagittal plane

A

divides the body into right and left halves

The sagittal plane is orthogonal to the left-right axis

Midsagittal means that the section is in the sagittal plane at the midline of the body

Parasagittal means that the section is in the sagittal plane but is not at the midline of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The PNS has 2 divisions:

A

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Somatic nervous system (SNS):

A

Target/effector: skeletal muscle

1 motor neuron pathway

Cell body in CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS):

A

Target/effector: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

> Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division
Enteric division

2 motor neuron pathway

Preganglionic (presynaptic) neuron = Cell body in CNS

Postganglionic (postsynaptic) neuron = Cell body in PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

sympathetic division =

A

“fight or flight” division

causing “stress”
responses in the body

> increasing heart rate
dilating the pupils
stimulating sweat glands to produce sweat

27
Q

parasympathetic division =

A

“rest and digest” division

responsible for restful responses and digestion

> decreasing heart rate
constricting the pupils
stimulating peristalsis

28
Q

enteric division =

A

regulates the gut tube

29
Q

In general, sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system target the same organs, but they typically have opposing actions/effects

A

Sympathetic innervation to heart increases heart rate = “Fight or flight” response
> more widespread - goes to skin

Parasympathetic innervation to heart decreases heart rate = “Rest and digest” response

30
Q

Major CNS Regions

A

> Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brainstem
(Mesencephalon/ midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata)
Spinal cord

31
Q

cerebrum =

A

controls higher order cognitive functions, including intellect, reasoning, learning and memory, planning, and emotion

memory storage and processing

conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions

32
Q

cerebellum =

A

inferior to the cerebrum and posterior to the brainstem

has a right and left cerebellar hemisphere

Involved in balance and coordination

coordinates complex somatic motor patterns

adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord

33
Q

diencephalon =

A

thalamus = relay and processing centers for sensory and motor information

hypothalamus = centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production

34
Q

brainstem =

A

connects the diencephalon and spinal cord and controls daily functions that keep you alive: breathing and heartbeat centers

small part of the brain, but it is the only part that is required for life

many vital functions, including autonomic and homeostatic functions

35
Q

brainstem 3 major components (from rostral to caudal):

A

Midbrain: maintains consciousness, alertness, and attention

Pons: input to cerebellum for coordination

Medulla (oblongata): cardiac and respiratory centers

36
Q

mesencephalon =

A

processing of visual and auditory data

generation of reflexive somatic motor responses

maintenance of consciousness

37
Q

pons =

A

relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus

subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers

38
Q

medulla oblongata =

A

relays sensory information to thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem

autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities)

39
Q

The __ is the largest part of the brain and is divided into right and left hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure

A

cerebrum

> receives sensory input from the contralateral side of the body and sends motor output to the contralateral side of the body

> The cerebrum controls the opposite side of the body = right cerebral hemisphere controls the left half of the body, and the left cerebral controls the right half of the body

40
Q

Lobes of the Cerebrum

A

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital

41
Q

Frontal lobe:

A

motor control, speech, emotions, cognition, and executive functions

> intellect reasoning, decision making & reward

42
Q

Parietal lobe:

A

detecting and interpreting sensations from the body (somatosensation)

> main sensory lobe
taste, speech, reasoning

43
Q

Temporal lobe:

A

hearing, smell, emotions, and memory

> olfactory, auditory cortex

44
Q

Occipital lobe:

A

detecting and interpreting visual information

> vision

45
Q

insular lobe/cortex =

A

deeper cortical region that is located in the Sylvian/lateral fissure between the frontal and parietal and temporal lobes

involved in linking sensory experience and emotional reactivity

46
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The cerebral cortex has gyri and sulci, which allows it to increase surface area without taking up more space

In neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer’s disease, neurons in the cerebral cortex die:

> making the gyri smaller
sulci to increase in size
sulci fill with more CSF

older person falls, their brain will move more within their skull and is more susceptible to a concussion or contusion as the brain hits the skull

47
Q

Gyrus:

A

elevated ridge on the cerebral cortex

48
Q

Sulcus:

A

shallow depression/groove between gyri

49
Q

Fissure:

A

deep depression/groove (typically between lobes of the cerebrum)

50
Q

Gray-White-Gray Organization of Cerebrum

A

The outer gray matter of the cerebrum forms the cerebral cortex

White matter connects the cerebral cortex and deeper nucleic groups

The deep/internal gray matter of the cerebrum forms nuclei, basal ganglia, and parts of the limbic system

subcortical white matter = composed of myelinated axons that connect the cortex to deeper CNS regions

51
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

largest commissural fiber bundle in the cerebrum

connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

The corpus callosum is white matter

Layer III pyramidal neuron axons form the corpus callosum and connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres

located deep to the lobes of the cerebrum and most of it is superior to the lateral ventricles

52
Q

Internal Capsule

A

contains sensory and motor axons of ascending and descending tracts and limbic system fibers

contains output fibers from the cerebral cortex and input fibers from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex

is the white matter that is located between the thalamus and the nuclei that form the basal ganglia (e.g., globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, putamen)

53
Q

anterior limb of the internal capsule:

posterior limb of the internal capsule:

A

anterior = conveys limbic information to the prefrontal cortex

posterior = contains sensory and motor fibers

54
Q

___ form the posterior limb of the internal capsule and then enter the cerebral peduncles (crus cerebri)

A

cortical efferent fibers (e.g., corticospinal tracts)

55
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

Location (functional area): the primary motor cortex is in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

Functions: execution of motor plans and voluntary movements

Contains upper motor neurons that control contralateral body movements

Somatotopic map = motor homunculus

56
Q

The precentral gyrus is on ____

A

the lateral surface of the frontal lobe and continues medially

57
Q

The primary motor cortex is in the ___

A

precentral gyrus

58
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A

Location (functional area): the primary somatosensory cortex is in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

Functions: detects somatosensory information (e.g., touch)
> somatosensations (e.g., touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, pain, and temperature

Receives sensory information from the contralateral side of the body

Somatotopic map = somatosensory homunculus

59
Q

The primary somatosensory cortex is in the ___

A

postcentral gyrus
= posterior to the central sulcus

> receives sensory input from the thalamus via thalamocortical fibers that project to layer IV

60
Q

Sensory and Motor Homunculi

A

Somatotopic organization: specific parts of body map to specific parts of CNS

upper motor neurous in primary cortex - specific arrangement - certain areas bigger/smaller depending on #, lots in face and hands

61
Q

The diencephalon is a collection of nuclei deep in the cerebrum that links the __ and ___

A

cerebrum
brainstem

62
Q

Diencephalon Major components:

A

Thalamus: key relay center for cerebrum
(every sensation except smell goes here first)

Hypothalamus: regulate homeostasis

Subthalamus: motor control

Epithalamus and pineal gland: regulate circadian rhythms
(receives info. about light/dark, secretes melatonin)

Pituitary gland: hormone regulation

63
Q

Spinal Cord spinal levels

A

Cervical: 8 spinal levels

Thoracic: 12 spinal levels

Lumbar: 5 spinal levels

Sacral: 5 spinal levels

Coccygeal: 1 spinal level

Neuroscience - spring 2024 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions