Lec 1: Overview Flashcards
____________ is the combination of processes that result in O2 and CO2 exchange between air and body cells
Respiration
What are the four processes of the external respiration?
1) Ventilation (inspiration and expiration)
2) O2 - CO2 exchange between lungs and blood
3) Transport of O2 and CO2 by blood
4) Exchange of gases between blood and cells of the body
The respiratory system keeps oxygen and carbon dioxide ________ (or partial pressures) in the arterial blood constant.
tensions
What is the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide?
PO2 = 100 mm Hg PCO2 = 40 mm Hg
At equilibrium P02 in air and water is ____________.
Equal
T/F - Low O2 solubility means concentrations are not equal.
True
What are some additional important functions of the respiratory system?
Regulation of blood pH Vocalization Olfaction Coughing Laughing
What is the order of anatomy in the respiratory tract?
Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Terminal brochioles
What parts of the respiratory tract are considered upper respiratory tract?
Nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx
What parts of the respiratory tract are considered lower respiratory tract?
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
Do the same microbes infest the upper and lower respiratory tract?
No - there are different microbes in the upper and lower tract
What are some obstructive diseases in the upper airway caused by narrowing?
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
Ludwig’s angina
Croup (children)
What are some obstructive diseases in the lower airway caused by narrowing?
Asthma
Bronchitis
Emphysema
What are the functions of the conducting zone?
1) Air cleaning, warming, and moistening
2) Control of airway resistance
3) Vocalization
4) Vacuum generation (suckling)
Is there an exchange of gas through the conducting zone?
No, there is no gas exchange in the conducting zone
What is the average volume of the anatomical dead space of the conducting zone?
150 ml
What is the respiratory or gas exchange zone?
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli
Gas exchange occurs via _________________.
Simple diffusion
What is the average total volume of the lungs?
5-6 liters
What are the functions of the nasal cavity?
1) Air filtration, warming and moistening
2) Serves as a reservoir for the excess of tears
3) Air entrance - nostrils (external nares)
4) Air exits into the pharynx - internal nares (choanes)
What is the upper airway lined with?
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (NOT oral mucosa).
What is another word for the nasal conchae?
Turbinates
What is the function of the turbinates?
They are ridges that create turbulence increasing surface for air filtration, warming, and moistening
Explain the clinical significance of Adenoid face or long face syndrome.
Children with this syndrome are seen to have an open mouth, small nostrils, short upper lip, and thick pouting lower lip. This is due to a mass of lymphoid tissue in the adenoids of children. It usually regresses during and after puberty. It may obstruct the airflow from the nasal cavity to the pharynx, may obstruct the auditory or eustachian tube, and may lead to malocclusion.
Are there any dental abnormalities in children with adenoid face?
Increased opening of the jaw angle can lead to anterior open bite or posterior cross bites.
Some children with adenoid face have mouth breathing and can be associated with what other symptoms?
Snoring, Frequent otitis media, frequent sore throat, noctural enuresis (bed wetting), and finger sucking.
What is the solution to adenoid face and all the symptoms associated?
Resection of the adenoids
