Lec 1: Overview

Question 1

____________ is the combination of processes that result in O2 and CO2 exchange between air and body cells

Answer 1

Respiration

Question 2

What are the four processes of the external respiration?

Answer 2

1) Ventilation (inspiration and expiration)
2) O2 - CO2 exchange between lungs and blood
3) Transport of O2 and CO2 by blood
4) Exchange of gases between blood and cells of the body

Question 3

The respiratory system keeps oxygen and carbon dioxide ________ (or partial pressures) in the arterial blood constant.

Answer 3

tensions

Question 4

What is the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide?

Answer 4

PO2 = 100 mm Hg
PCO2 = 40 mm Hg

Question 5

At equilibrium P02 in air and water is ____________.

Answer 5

Equal

Question 6

T/F - Low O2 solubility means concentrations are not equal.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

What are some additional important functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 7

Regulation of blood pH
Vocalization
Olfaction
Coughing
Laughing

Question 8

What is the order of anatomy in the respiratory tract?

Answer 8

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal brochioles

Question 9

What parts of the respiratory tract are considered upper respiratory tract?

Answer 9

Nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx

Question 10

What parts of the respiratory tract are considered lower respiratory tract?

Answer 10

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

Question 11

Do the same microbes infest the upper and lower respiratory tract?

Answer 11

No - there are different microbes in the upper and lower tract

Question 12

What are some obstructive diseases in the upper airway caused by narrowing?

Answer 12

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
Ludwig’s angina
Croup (children)

Question 13

What are some obstructive diseases in the lower airway caused by narrowing?

Answer 13

Asthma
Bronchitis
Emphysema

Question 14

What are the functions of the conducting zone?

Answer 14

1) Air cleaning, warming, and moistening
2) Control of airway resistance
3) Vocalization
4) Vacuum generation (suckling)

Question 15

Is there an exchange of gas through the conducting zone?

Answer 15

No, there is no gas exchange in the conducting zone

Question 16

What is the average volume of the anatomical dead space of the conducting zone?

Answer 16

150 ml

Question 17

What is the respiratory or gas exchange zone?

Answer 17

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli

Question 18

Gas exchange occurs via _________________.

Answer 18

Simple diffusion

Question 19

What is the average total volume of the lungs?

Answer 19

5-6 liters

Question 20

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

Answer 20

1) Air filtration, warming and moistening
2) Serves as a reservoir for the excess of tears
3) Air entrance - nostrils (external nares)
4) Air exits into the pharynx - internal nares (choanes)

Question 21

What is the upper airway lined with?

Answer 21

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (NOT oral mucosa).

Question 22

What is another word for the nasal conchae?

Answer 22

Turbinates

Question 23

What is the function of the turbinates?

Answer 23

They are ridges that create turbulence increasing surface for air filtration, warming, and moistening

Question 24

Explain the clinical significance of Adenoid face or long face syndrome.

Answer 24

Children with this syndrome are seen to have an open mouth, small nostrils, short upper lip, and thick pouting lower lip. This is due to a mass of lymphoid tissue in the adenoids of children. It usually regresses during and after puberty. It may obstruct the airflow from the nasal cavity to the pharynx, may obstruct the auditory or eustachian tube, and may lead to malocclusion.

Question 25

Are there any dental abnormalities in children with adenoid face?

Answer 25

Increased opening of the jaw angle can lead to anterior open bite or posterior cross bites.

Question 26

Some children with adenoid face have mouth breathing and can be associated with what other symptoms?

Answer 26

Snoring, Frequent otitis media, frequent sore throat, noctural enuresis (bed wetting), and finger sucking.

Question 27

What is the solution to adenoid face and all the symptoms associated?

Answer 27

Resection of the adenoids