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Neoplasia > Lec 1 - Neoplasia & cancer > Flashcards

Lec 1 - Neoplasia & cancer Flashcards

AUCOM

1
Q

Pathogenesis of the transformed cell

A

iPUT
- Immortality
- Persistent & useless growth.
- Uncontrolled (autonomy growth)
- Transplantability .

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2
Q

Pathology of the transformed cell

A

pUAE
1-Persists in the same excessive manner after the cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change.

2-Uncoordinated with that of normal tissues (unlike non neoplastic proliferations like (hyperplasia , regeneration, repair).

3-Virtually autonomous

4-Exceeds that of normal tissue.

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3
Q

The growth of neoplastic cells is independent of growth factors ,regarding mechanism operating inside normal cells.

A

Autonomous growth

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4
Q

define autonomous growth

A

The growth of neoplastic cells is independent of growth factors ,regarding mechanism operating inside normal cells.

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5
Q

the replacement of one adult cell type by another one adult cell type. (reversible).

A

Metaplasia

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6
Q

Tumors are classified by:

A
  1. histological
  2. clinical
  3. gross
  4. grades
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7
Q

cell of origin; epithelial or stromal

A

histological classification

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8
Q

benign, borderline, malignant

A

clinical classification

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9
Q

infiltrative or localized

A

gross classification

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10
Q

depending on the degree of differentiation and anaplasia

A

grading classification

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11
Q

classification by origin: epithelial
classified into:

A
  1. Benign tumors of epithelial cells
    Adenoma, Papilloma, Cystadenoma, Papillary Cystadenoma.
  2. Malignant tumors of epithelial cells
    carcinoma
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12
Q

Benign tumors of epithelial cells include:

A

Adenoma, Papilloma, Cystadenoma, Papillary Cystadenoma.

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13
Q

Tumor of glandular epithelium
eg. follicular adenoma of thyroid, fibroadenoma of breast.

A

Adenoma

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14
Q

type of tumor: follicular adenoma of thyroid

A

(Adenoma) benign tumor of glandular epithelium

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15
Q

type of tumor: fibroadenoma of breast

A

(Adenoma) benign tumor of glandular epithelium

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16
Q

type of tumor: Tubular adenoma of colonic mucosa

A

(Adenoma) benign tumor of glandular epithelium

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17
Q

Tumor arising from surface epithelium
e.g skin or mucosal surface

A

Papilloma

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18
Q

finger-like epithelial processes overlying fibrovascular core (connective tissue with blood vessels) e.g Squamous papilloma of skin, Transitional Papilloma of bladder

A

Papilloma

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19
Q

type of tumor: Squamous papilloma of skin

A

(Papilloma) benign tumor of arising from surface epithelium (of skin or mucosa)

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20
Q

type of tumor: Transitional Papilloma of bladder

A

(Papilloma) benign tumor of arising from surface epithelium (of skin or mucosa)

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21
Q

adenoma with cystic components.

A

Cystadenoma

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22
Q

adenoma with cystic components and with papillary finger like projections

A

Papillary cystadenoma

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23
Q

papilla having a core of vascularized connective tissue (fibrovascular core)

A

papilloma

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24
Q

Malignant tumors of epithelial cells
carcinoma include:

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Transitional cell carcinoma
Small cell carcinoma

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25
Q

malignant tumors that arise in organs with squamous epithelial lining :
e.g. skin, mouth, cervix, bronchus, etc..

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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26
Q

malignant tumors that arise from glandular origin
e.g. G.I.T., endometrium, breast, kidney, thyroid, etc..

A

Adenocarcinoma

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27
Q

malignant tumors that arise from epithelial lining of urinary bladder

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

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28
Q

malignant tumors that arise from neuroendocrine cells.

(mainly in lung , although can arise in other tissue & organs)
so it considered a systemic disease

A

Small cell carcinoma

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29
Q

neuroendocrine cells tumor =

A

Small cell carcinoma

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30
Q

tumors of mesenchymal (connective tissue) cell origin

A
  1. Benign
  2. Malignant (Sarcoma)
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31
Q

tumors that have more than one parenchymal cell type origin (from germ cells)
(germ cells are able to differentiate ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm)

A

TERATOMA

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32
Q

Term applied for tumor with recognized mature or immature cells or tissue represented in more than one germ cell layer & some time all three (ectoderm , mesoderm & endoderm).

A

Teratoma

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33
Q

Teratomas are: benign, malignant, either?

A

Either (they may be benign or malignant)

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34
Q

a tumor that may contain skin, sebaceous & mucus glands, hair, cartilage, bone, respiratory epithelium, glial tissue

A

teratoma

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35
Q

teratomas are usually found in

A

ovary or testes (contain totipotent cells = primitive cells)

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36
Q

ovarian teratoma with predominant thyroid tissue

(may undergo pathological change, may produce thyroxine)

A

Stroma ovarii

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37
Q

these tumors are derived from ONE germ cell layer, and differentiate into more than one paranchymal cell type
e.g. Pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland

A

Mixed tumors

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38
Q

type of tumor: Pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland

A

Mixed tumors

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39
Q

T or F
All tumors of blood cells & lymphocytes are malignant (leukemia, lymphoma, polycythemia rubra vera).

A

True

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40
Q

tumor of small primitive cells

A

Blastoma

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41
Q

T or F
Nephroblastoma, Neuroblastoma, Medulloblastoma Hepatoblastoma are seen in children and infants

A

true

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42
Q

T or F
the majority of blastomas are benign

A

False! the majority of blastomas are in fact malignant //and they happen in kids :( //

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43
Q

Non neoplastic masses include:

A

Hamartoma
Choristoma

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44
Q

T or F
Hamartoma is a cancer

A

False
it’s a non neoplastic mass

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45
Q

T or F
Choristoma is not a cancer

A

True
it’s a non neoplastic mass

46
Q

a tumor like malformation (mass or nodule) in which there is abnormal mixing of normal native tissue components of the organ. Usually develop during fetal life

A

Hamartoma

47
Q

change in:
quantity of tissue elements
or
arrangement of tissue elements
result in:

A

Hamartoma

48
Q

most haemangiomas are:

A

hamartomas -not cancer-

49
Q

melanocytic nevi is what type of mass?

A

hamartoma (not a cancer)

50
Q

Lung Hamartoma
most haemangioma,
melanocytic nevi
are all:

A

hamartomas
-not cancer-

51
Q

A mass composed of normal cells or tissue found in a wrong location (Ectopia)

A

Choristoma

52
Q

t or f
choristomas are non malignant

A

true
they’re just masses composed of normal cells or tissue found in a wrong location

53
Q

Meckle’s Diverticulum
(ectopic pancreatic & gastric tissue) , Salivary tissue in lymph nodes

A
54
Q

t or f
hamartomas and choristomas do not have malignant potential

A

true.
they’re just not cancers and wont be cancers.

55
Q

tumor of primitive germ cells.

A

Seminoma & dysgerminoma
(in seminiferous tubules and ovary respectively)

56
Q

malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue

A

Lymphoma

57
Q

malignant tumor of melanocytes

A

Melanoma

58
Q

**Melanoma’s are always cancerous and melanocytic nevi are always benign.

how will u remember that? :P

A

melanoma is a cancer in the melanocyte.

melanocytic nevi are a bunch of friendly melanocytes that decided to live somewhere else, they’re still friendly! lol

59
Q

What are aspects of tumors that can help us differentiate between benign and malignant tumors?

A

depending on: (DR LuDwiG)
1. Differentiation & anaplasia
2. Rate of growth
3. Local invasion
4. Distant metastases
5. Gross features

60
Q

**How will you remember the aspects that help differentiate between benign and malignant tumors?

A

Does it grow or not?
Does it grow fast or slow?
Does it visit neighbors or stay at home?
Does it visit far away people and sit there?
What does it look like?

depending on: (DR LuDwiG)
1. Differentiation & anaplasia
2. Rate of growth
3. Local invasion
4. Distant metastases
5. Gross features

61
Q

Rate of growth:
slow =?
fast =?

A

slow = well differentiated
fast = poorly differentiated

62
Q

Local invasion:
benign tumors = ?
Malignant tumors = ?

A

benign tumors = remain localized
Malignant tumors = invade surrounding tissue

63
Q

development of secondary tumor implants in site that anatomically discontinuous with primary malignant tumor,
possibly in remote tissue

A

Distant metastases
feature of malignancy

64
Q

absolute feature of malignant tumor

A

distant metastasis

65
Q

Gross features :
▫ Benign= ?
▫ Malignant= ?

A

▫ Benign: smooth, capsulated, uniform color.
▫ Malignant: irregular, no capsule, variegated color.

66
Q

true/false
benign tumor cells LOOK very similar (/identical) to the normal cells

A

true

67
Q

t/f
Cells of a lipoma may look exactly like normal fat cells

A

true

68
Q

_____ tumors display a range of differentiation, which form the basis of tumor grading (well , moderate , poorly)

A

Malignant tumors

69
Q

Differentiation of malignant cells

A

Malignant tumor can be
extremely well differentiated -e.g. a well differentiated liposarcoma
or
anaplastic in which tumor cells lack of differentiation

70
Q

Abnormal growth (disorganization of tissue structurally & cytologically) which may precede malignancy.

A

Dysplasia

71
Q

Process of gradual loss of differentiation

A

Dysplasia

72
Q

Complete loss of differentiation

A

ANAPLASIA

73
Q

Differentiation features include:

A

functional & morphological features

74
Q

Type of differentiation:
Formation of glands

A

morphology

75
Q

Type of differentiation:
Formation of squamous nest

A

morphology

76
Q

Type of differentiation:
Production of keratin

A

Functional

77
Q

Type of differentiation:
Formation of mucin secretion

A

functional

78
Q

Type of differentiation:
Formation of osteoid

A

functional

79
Q

Dysplasia involving an epithelial surface

A

Intraepithelial Neoplasia

80
Q

limited by intact epithelial basement membrane = CARCINOMA IN SITU

A

High grade dysplasia

81
Q

t/f
dysplasia can regress

A

true

82
Q

t/f
all carcinomas in situ progress to invasive cancer

A

false

83
Q

_________ indicates the degree of resemblance of tumor cells to cell of origin and is always based on microscopic criteria

A

Grade of tumor (level of differentiation)

84
Q

grades of tumors

A

Grade I : Well differentiated tumor.
Grade II :Moderately differentiated tumor.
Grade III : Poorly differentiated tumor.
Grade IV : Anaplastic tumor.

it gets worse as we go down

85
Q

what grows faster, benign or malignant tumors?

A

Most cancers grow faster than benign tumors

86
Q

which tumors frequently have a capsule?

A

benign

87
Q

do all benign tumors have capsules?

A

no. eg. lieomyoma = non encapsulated

88
Q

All tumors can potentially metastasize except:

A

BASAL CELL carcinoma (skin)
GLIAL TUMORS

89
Q

Routes of metastases:

A

1-Lymphatics.
2-Blood vessels.
3-Seeding within body cavities. (transcoelomic)

90
Q

the type of spread that is more characteristic in Carcinoma than sarcoma

epithelial > mesenchymal

A

Lymphatic Spread

91
Q

the type of spread that is more characteristic in sarcoma than carcinoma
although in later stages of carcinoma they also use it

epithelial < mesenchymal

A

Hematogenous spread (via blood)

92
Q

common areas of lymphatic spread

A

breast

93
Q

common areas of hematogenous spread

A

liver and lung -dual circulation-
bones and brain

94
Q

Certain carcinomas invade veins early e.g.

A

RENAL Carcinoma = renal vein > IVA
Hepatocellular Carcinoma = Portal & Hepatic v.

95
Q

type of spread:
CA of upper lobe of lung to lower lobe

A

transcoelomic spread (seeding)

96
Q

type of spread:
CA of stomach to ovary (krukenburge tumor)

A

transcoelomic spread (seeding)

97
Q

type of spread:
CA of colon across peritoneum to small intestine & colon

A

transcoelomic spread (seeding)

98
Q

type of spread:
CA of ovary spread widely through peritoneal surface
*(mucinous adenocarcinoma spread to peritoneal cavity to give pseudomyxoma peritoni )

A

transcoelomic spread (seeding)

99
Q

_______ indicates the extent of spread of the tumor

A

Staging of Tumor

100
Q

Staging of a tumor depends on

A

T- Size of tumor (local infiltrations). (1-4)
N- Regional lymph node involvement (0-3)
M- Metastases to distant organs
«TNM Staging System»

101
Q

which is more valuable for prognosis, grading or staging?

A

staging

102
Q

Both staging & grading of tumors are valuable for:

A

1- Determination of prognosis.
2- Planning of therapy .

103
Q

Tumor Therapy :

A

1- Surgical excision .
2- Radiotherapy .
3- Chemotherapy .
4- Immunotherapy .
5- MULTIMODALITY of treatment

104
Q

____ indicates the final outcome of the disease in terms of 5year or 10 year survival.

A

Prognosis

105
Q

prognosis of cancer depends on

A

Tumor Type
Tumor Grade & Stage
Host reactions

106
Q

In Iraq males the most common cancers are those of

A

larynx
lung
bladder
non Hodgkin lymphoma
leukemias

107
Q

In Iraq females the most common cancers are those of

A

CNS tumors
lung cancers
breast cancer
non Hodgkin lymphoma
leukemias

108
Q

can infections lead to cancer? if yes, give examples

A

1-Epstein-Barr infection (EBV)
»Burkitt lymphoma & nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

2-Viral hepatitis B&C
»Hepatocellular carcinoma

3-Humen papilloma virus
»Uterine cervix carcinoma

4-AIDS (HIV)
»Lymphoma & kaposi sarcoma

109
Q

most common Adolescence age tumors:

A

Osteosarcoma
Ewing sarcoma
Medulloblastoma

110
Q

tumor with Biphasic age incidence :

A

Hodgkin lymphoma ( 20 & 60 )

111
Q

tumors common in children less than 5 years

A

Acute Leukemia
Lymphoma
CNS Tumors (retinoblastoma neuroblastoma)
soft tissue Sarcomas (rabdomyosarcoma).

Neoplasia (2 decks)

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