Lec 1: Introduction Flashcards
father of bacteriology
Anton van leeuwenhoek
- the first to describe bacteria with a simple microscope
- he described the three major forms of bacteria
Anton van leeuwenhoek (1677)
Who developed the compound microscope?
Robert hooke (1678)
The first to propose the theory of biogenesis
Rudolf virchow (1858)
- he concluded the source of contamination by filtering microorganisms from air
- he demonstrated the fermentation of fruits and grains
- develop the chicken cholera vaccine, anthrax vaccine and rabies vaccine
Louis pasteur
He proved that dust carried germ
John tyndall
What is tyndallization
The process wherein Bacterial spores are killed by successive heating
A monk in the 13th century who postulated that diseases were caused by invisible living creatures called germs
Roger bacon
- He introduced aseptic surgery
- develop the first pure culture technique using liquid medium
Joseph lister
In 1882 he discovered tubercle bacilli
Robert koch
Germ theory of disease by louis pasteur
Each specific infectious disease is caused by a specific organism
Spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) theory
Life could develop spontaneously from decomposing, non-living material
- minute unicellular organisms
- found anywhere
- has all the necessary protoplasmic equipment for growth and self multiplication
Bacteria
[ TRUE or FALSE ]
Bacteria do NOT have a sexual growth cycle and some can produce asexual spores.
TRUE
BACTERIA:
- If the bacteria causes a disease
- If no harm is done by the bacteria
- Examples of bacterial infection
- Pathogen
- Normal flora organism
- Acne, sore throat (tonsillitis)
A simple obligate Intracellular Parasite
Virus
- What are the two parts (structure) of the virus?
- A layer that sometimes covers the capsid
- Examples of viral infections
- A. Nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)
B. Capsid: a protein coat protecting the nucleic acid - Envelope
- Common colds & SARS COV 2
- It is the study of fungi
- What are the two forms of fungi?
- Which form is unicellular
- Which form is multicellular
- An example of fungal infection and its causative agent.
- Mycology
- Yeast & Mold
- Yeast
- Mold
- Tinea versicolor - by Malassezia furfur
The study of cells, molecules, and mechanisms involved in immunity
Immunology
A mechanism that helps eliminate foreign organisms from the body
Phagocytosis
Genotypic Characteristics:
- It determines the proportion of Guanine and Cytosine in relation to the total DNA base content
- It looks at how the DNA bases are arranged sequentially through a test.
- The test in #2?
- DNA base composition ratio
- Nucleic acid base sequence analysis (homology)
- Nucleic acid hybridization
Organisms in this kingdom were undifferentiated & unicellular organisms that do NOT form specialized tissues of higher plants & animals
Protist
A theory by Theodore Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
all living things are composed of cells
Examples of:
- Prokaryotes
- Eukaryotes
- Bacteria, archaea
- Fungi, algae, protozoa, animals, plants
Give the Representative Specie with their disease:
- Tightly coiled, corkscrew appearance
- Extremely long undulating bacillary form
- Less tightly coiled, sharp hook like bends at the end of if the cell
- Treponema pallidum: syphilis
- Borrelia burgdorferi: Lyme disease
- Leptospira interrogans: leptospirosis
- Smallest known pathogenic BACILLI
- Largest known pathogenic BACILLI
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Bacillis anthracis
Types of electron microscopy
- It allows the visualization of internal structures of a bacterial cell
- It provides a 3D view of the surface structures
- Transmission
- Scanning
Examples of:
- Simple staining
- Differential staining
- Dilute carbol fuchsin, methylene blue
- Gram staining & acid fast staining
All COCCI are Gram (+)
Except?
- Neisseria group
- Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis
- Veillonella
All BACILLI are Gram (–)
Except?
- acid fast organisms (mycobacterium, nocardia)
- sporeformers (bacillus, clostridium)
- corynebacterium spp.
Gram stain
In what organism is Magnesium Ribonucleate found?
Gram (+) organism
The absence of this will render an organism NON-ACID FAST
Long chain mycolic acid
- A glycocalyx made up of organized repeating units of organic chemicals firmly attached to the cell surface
- Example
- Capsule
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Bacillus anthracis
Clostridium perfringens
- A glycocalyx when it is loose and water soluble
- Examples
- Slime layer
- Sarcina & Bacteroides species
Purpose of capsule/slime layer
- protects cell from dessication
- ability to survive and cause disease
- Vi antigen
- a feature of numerous pathogenic prokaryotes
- This structure is only found in gram (–) bacteria
- Components
- Outer membrane (and Perplasmic space)
-
Phospholipid bilayer
» lipid A & polysaccharides
Porin
Lipoprotein layer
The bacterial cell wall is composed of two regularly alternating sugars which are:
- NAG (N-acetylglucosamine)
- NAM (N-acetylmuramic acid)
This is formed when layers of peptidoglycan sheets enclose the organism
Murein Sacculus
The 3 parts of a flagellum
- Long thin filament
- hook
- rod/basal body
Examples of:
- Monotrichous
- Lophotrichous
- Amphitrichous
- Peritrichous
- Atrichous
- Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter jejuni, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Pseudomonas spp.
- Pseudomonas spp.
- Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris
- Shigella dysenteriae, Klebsiella pneumoniae
