Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cell Phys > Lec 1: Intro > Flashcards

Lec 1: Intro Flashcards

1
Q

8 Characteristics of Life (Living Things)​

A
  1. ) Grow and Develop (& die)
  2. ) Reproduce
  3. ) Metabolize
  4. ) Respond to Environment
  5. ) Maintain Homeostasis
  6. ) Based on Genetic Code
  7. ) Evolve
  8. ) Composed of Cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Exceptions to living things (2)

A

viruses

prions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

“prions” aka

A

Proteinaceous infectious particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

prions cause what diseases? (2)

A

mad-cow disease

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

prions =
similar to…
causes…
which disrupts…

A

= Infectious protein
…a normal protein
…mis-folding and accumulation of the mis-folded proteins as amyloid plaques
…cell function (neural degeneration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cell Theory 3 tenets (principles)

A

1.) All organisms consist of 1 or more cells
2.) The cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms
3.) All cells arise from existing cells (Virchow, 1858)
(Omnis cellula e cellula = all cells from cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

History: 3 main disciplines that contribute to our current understanding of cell biology/physiology::

A
  1. ) cytology
  2. ) biochemistry
  3. ) genetics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cytology =

A

Using microscopy to visualize cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Biochemistry =

A

analyzing the chemical components of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Genetics =

A

analyzing how various traits of cells and organisms are passed to subsequent generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cytology (2 main techniques):

A
  1. ) light microscopy (LM)

2. ) electron microscopy (EM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

LM allowed for

A

for the visualization of cells and sub-cellular structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

LM limitations?

A

Resolving power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

(LM)

d =

A

= resolving power (nm) = lamdba/lens NA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

(LM)

lens NA =

A

= numerical aperature of lens ≈ 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

(LM)

lambda light =

A

= 380 to 760

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

(LM)

On average, d ≈ ___ nm = __ mm

A

d ≈ 200 nm = 0.2 mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

LM can only…

A

…resolve objects that are 0.2 mm or more apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

EM is an increase in…

A

…resolving power by using electrons (e-) instead of light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

(EM)

An accelerated e- has a lambda =

A

0.01 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Resolving power approaches __ nm for EM

vs ___ nm for LM

A

0.1 nm for EM

200 nm for LM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

(EM)

allowed for…

A

…better visualization of sub-cellular and even molecular structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Biochemical studies revealed important information about: (3)

A
  1. ) Metabolism (enzymes and pathways)
  2. ) Biochemical structures and functions
  3. ) Several technical procedures (Radioisotopes, Fractionation, Centrifugation, Chromatography, Electrophoresis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Biochemical studies = ability to…

A

Ability to analyze or isolate individual components of a complex mixture

25
Q

Genetic Studies (2)

A
  1. ) Classical (Mendelian) genetics

2. ) Molecular Biology

26
Q

Classical (Mendelian) genetics =

A

= Observing inheritance of traits – allele frequencies

27
Q

Molecular Biology =

A

= Modern Science focused on genetic material (DNA and RNA) and function

28
Q

Scientific Method: (6)

A
  1. ) Make Observations
  2. ) Formulate a “testable” hypothesis
  3. ) Design experiment to test the hypothesis
  4. ) Perform experiment and collect data
  5. ) Interpret results
  6. ) Interpretation must support or refute the hypothesis (accept or reject hypothesis)
29
Q

The scientific method is good but

A

Not all science is done this way!

30
Q

Other scientific methods: (3)

A
  1. ) Discovery Science
    - Eg., Astronomy & discovery of new stars…
  2. ) Observational Science
    - Initial studies on human & animal behavior
  3. ) Incidental Observation
    - Discovery of Goretex®, idea for Velcro®
31
Q

(Cell Chemistry)

5 main principles (ideas):

A
  1. ) Importance of carbon
  2. ) Importance of H2O
  3. ) Importance of selectively permeable membranes
  4. ) Importance of synthesis by polymerization
  5. ) Importance of self assembly
32
Q

organic chemistry =

A

= Study of carbon chemistry

33
Q

Macromolecules in cells/organisms are

A

carbon-based

34
Q

(Carbon)

What makes carbon important? (4)

A
  1. ) Valence of 4 (Missing 4 of 8 outer shell e-)
  2. ) Carbon-based molecules are stable
  3. ) Carbon-based molecules are diverse
  4. ) Some carbon-based molecules can form stereoisomers (mirror-images).
35
Q

Since carbon have 4 valence electrons, it needs to…
this allows for…
this results in…

A

…share 4 electrons from other atoms (another C, H, O, N, S)
…the formation of 4 covalent bonds
…a high diversity of potential molecules

36
Q

(Carbon molecules are stable)

Since H, O, N, and S are…

A

…among the lightest elements to form covalent bonds, the bonds they form with carbon are quite stable.

37
Q

(Carbon molecules are stable)

Covalent Bond Strength proportional to

A

1/atomic mass of the two bound atoms

38
Q

(Carbon molecules are diverse)
Carbon can form…
Carbon can bind…

A

…long chains & complex ring structures

…multiple side groups

39
Q

(carbon-based molecules can form stereoisomers)

can result in…

A

…optical isomerism & greater diversity

40
Q

Importances of H2O: (5)

A
  1. ) Abundance
  2. ) H2O is polar, despite being uncharged
  3. ) Water molecules are cohesive
  4. ) High temperature stabilizing capacity
  5. ) H2O is an excellent solvent
41
Q

H2O abundance =

A

the single most abundant cellular molecule (75-85%)

42
Q

( H2O is polar)
this makes water…
what can dissolve in water?

A

…“fluid”

- charged molecules

43
Q

(H2O is cohesive)
allows for…
accounts for…

A

…hydrogen bonding

…surface tension and high boiling point (liquid state at most of earths surface)

44
Q

(H2O high temp stable capacity)
water can…
which can…

A

…absorb thermal energy without changing phase

…keep cells from over-heating

45
Q

(H2O as a good solvent)

Since most molecules in cells have some…

A

…polarity or charge, they readily dissolve in H2O.

46
Q

Charged and polar =

Non-polar =

A

= hydrophilic

= hydrophobic

47
Q

(Importance of selectively permeable membranes)

Cells are composed of…

A

…amphipathic phospholipids that form a bilayer

48
Q

Amphipathic =

A

= has both hydrophilic (polar or charged) and hydrophobic portions (non-polar)

49
Q

Amphipathic phospholipids can…

which =

A

…self assemble

= lipid bilayers/micelles

50
Q

(Phospholipid)
head =
tail =

A

= hydrophilic

= hydrophobic

51
Q

(Importance of selectively permeable membranes)
The cellular membranes act as…

Low MW molecules (below 100 atomic mass units (Da))

  • if non-polar or polar…
  • if charged…

Large MW molecules (above 100 Da)…

A

…barriers that regulate which substances can cross from one side to the other.

…they can rapidly diffuse across (O2, CO2, H2O, ethanol, urea)
…they cannot simply diffuse across (need some type of transport protein) (K+, Na+, Cl-)

…cannot directly cross the membrane and require some protein transporter

52
Q

Synthesis by Polymerization =

A

Large number of macromolecules (polymers) formed from relatively few small organic molecules (monomers).

53
Q

polymers =

monomers =

A

= macromolecules

= small organic molecules

54
Q

3 main types of Macromolecules:

& examples

A
  1. ) Informational: Nucleic Acid, Proteins
  2. ) Structural: Proteins, Carbohydrates
  3. ) Storage: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids
55
Q

(Synthesis by Polymerization)
Requires…
Thus…

A

…energy (ATP) to synthesize macromolecules

…energy can be obtained from their degradation (lipids, carbohydrates, proteins)

56
Q

(Self-Assembly)
allows for…
& examples
results in… (2)

A

…energy conservation
(ex: lipid bilayers, protein)
…polypeptide renaturation and protein folding

57
Q

protein folding:

hierarchy, examples, consequences

A

1* structure (a.a. polypeptide chain)
induces folding into

2* structure (a-helix, or b-sheet)
induces further folding into

3* structure (overall folding of polypeptide chain)
induces further interaction

4* structure (multi-subunit interactions)

58
Q

Molecular Chaperones =

& example

A

may assist in self-assembly process

ex: heat shock proteins

Cell Phys (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions