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Caridopulmonary > Lec 1: Gros anatomy and histo > Flashcards

Lec 1: Gros anatomy and histo Flashcards

1
Q

Location of heart?
Around where?
Behind what?
Between what?

A

Around: middle of cartilage
Behind: Sternum
Between: Lungs

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2
Q

What forms the apex of heart?

A

tip of the left ventricle

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3
Q

Location of the base of the heart?

A

at the level of the 2nd cartilage

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4
Q

Anterior surface of the heart consists mainly of what?

A

primarily the right ventricle.

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5
Q

What is epicardial fat?
How much % does it cover the heart surface?
Location mostly of epicardial heart?

A

It’s what covers the heart and provides ATP and energy so that the heart can use. You don’t want too much of this fat though.
*

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6
Q

Name the 4 chambers?

A 
RL Atrium (Upper Chambers)
RL Ventricle. (Lower Chambers)
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7
Q

Function of the right ventricle?

A

Moves venous blood to to the pulmonary circulation (where it’ll go to the lung for gas exchange)

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8
Q

Function of the left ventricle?

A

Receives (receives arterial blood to the systemic circulation) oxygenated blood from the atrium and pumps atrial blood it to the aorta where it’ll go to the rest of the body.

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9
Q

Location of the right and left atria of heart?

A

base of heart

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10
Q

Characteristic of atria?

A

thin-walled chambers that receive blood

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11
Q

What is the fossa ovalis?

A

depression in the interatrial septum; remnants of foramen ovale.

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12
Q

What is the interatrial septum?

A

It seperates the the two atria

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13
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

Foramen ovale in infants are open and once they’re born, it slowly starts to close. It’s normal that the two types of blood mix as an infant because the lungs haven’t officially fully developed yet. Mom does the breathing.

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14
Q

Patent foramen ovale?

A

Failure of the foramen ovale to close permanently. Perfmanent anatomical close of the foramen ovale occurs with time in normal infants.

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15
Q

Function of right and left ventricles?

A

pump blood to lungs and rest of body (systemic circulation)

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16
Q

What’s the interventricular septum?

A

seperates the two ventricles.

17
Q

What’s the most common congenital (existing before birth) cardiac abnormalities?

A

Ventricular septal defects.

30-60% of all newborns that have a congenital heart defect

18
Q

How can a ventricular septal defect be acquired if it’s not congenital?

A

by forming within a few days after myocardial infarction (heart attack which results to cardiac tissues dying). Our body doesn’t regenerate cardiac tissue –> scar tissue.
- this is due to macrophage remodeling of dead heart tissue before scar tissues form.

19
Q

Contraction and pressure characteristics of the right and left ventricles of the heart?

A

Must contract forcefully to overcome aortic and pulmonary pressures in order to pump blood.
(vessel must always have pressure in it or else it’ll collapse)

20
Q

Each ventricle holds how much blood when full and how much after contraction?

A

Holds 150mL (end of diastolic volume) when full and normally ejects about 1/2 this volume (70-80mL) with each contraction (stroke volume)

21
Q

What does the Ejection Fraction =

A

Ejection Fraction = SV/EDV +100%

(ejection fraction is used by cardiologist to assist heart problems. If EF is low, blood doesn’t pump all of it forward

22
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

It’s the volume of blood left behind after contraction. This volume helps to maintain pressure to keep chamber open.

23
Q

Three layers of heart?

A
  1. endocardium
  2. myocardium
  3. epicardium (visceral pericardium)
24
Q

Endocardium?

A

innermost layer

Lines inner chambers, valves, cordae tendineae, and papillary muscles

25
Q

Myocardium?

A 
middle layer
Thick and muscular layer
can not hyperplasia (regenerate)
can hypertrophy (grow)
Responsible for pumping action
26
Q

Cardiac muscle cells?

A

cylindrical branching cells
single central nucleus
intercalated discs

27
Q

Epicardium?

A

aka visceral pericardium
external layer of heart
includes blood capillaries, lymph capillaries, nerve fibers, and epicardial fat

28
Q

Parietal pericardium?

A

The pericardial space is btwn parietal and epicardium (visceral pericardial).
Contains about 10 mL of fluid
Acts as a lubricant, preventing friction as the heart beats.

29
Q

How many valves are there in our system? What are they?

A

4 valves:
1 set of 2 atrioventricular valve: 1 tricuspid and 1 bicusbid(mitral valve)
1 set of 2 semilunar valve

30
Q

What is the main function of the valve?

A

To prevent backflow and to ensure the flow of blood is in forward direction

31
Q

Tricusbid Valve?

A

Right side of heart btwn right atrium and ventricle. Larger in diamete but tissue is thinner than mitral valve. Consist of 3 separate leaflets

32
Q

Mitral Valve?

A

only has 2 cusps.

Lies btwn right and left ventricle.

33
Q

What are the cusps of AV valves attached to?

A

They are attached to chordae tendineae (heart strings)

34
Q

Where do the Chordae tendineae originate from?

A
35
Q

Function of the papillary muscles?

A

The papillary muscles contract when the ventricular walls contract. They pull the vanes of the valves inward toward the ventricles to prevent them bulging too far backward toward the atria during ventricular contraction.

36
Q

What are the two semilunar valve?
How many cusps do they have?
Function

A

1) pulmonary valve
2) aortic valve
Have 3 cusps.
Function: prevent backflow of blood from the aorta and pulmonary arteries into the ventricles during ventricular diastole.

37
Q

What makes the first heart sound?

A

The closing of the AV valves. “Lub”

on onset of ventricular contraction.

38
Q

What makes the second heart sound?

A

Closing of the semilunar valves. “Dub” in “lub-dub”
– indicating the ending of ventricular systole and the beginning of ventricular diastole (closure of semilunar valve). The Dub is shorter and usually higher frequency of S1.

39
Q

Blood flow starting with right atrium.

A

on paper

Caridopulmonary (6 decks)

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