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Systems Neuroscience > Lec #1 > Flashcards

Lec #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Hippocrates

A

• Brain is the seat of intelligence
•  Epilepsy disorder of the brain
•  Recognized that paralysis occurs on side
of the body opposite of head injury

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2
Q

Galen

A

•  Proposed that nerves convey fluid
secreted by brain and spinal cord to the
body’s periphery
•  Dominate view until microscope revealed
true structure of cells in nervous tissue

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3
Q

Renee Descartes

A 
•  Distinguished body and mind = 
“dualism” (vs. monism debate) 
•  Brain mediates everything that can be 
found in lower animals (motor, sensory 
perception, memory, motivation) 
• Mind mediates conscious experience; 
not by brain but by soul that 
communicates with brain via pineal 
gland
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4
Q

Luigi Galvani

A 
•  Discovered that muscle and nerve 
cells produce electricity 
• “animal electricity” (a.k.a. 
Galvanism) 
•  Volta discovered battery
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5
Q

Johannes Müller

A 
•  Measured speed of conduction 
along nerve cell 
•  Showed one nerves electricity 
affects another cells activity 
•  Birth of modern electrophysiology
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6
Q

Franz Joseph Gall and Johann

Spurzheim

A 
•  Unified view of body and mind (monism) 
•  The brain is not a homogeneous organ 
(localism vs holism debate) 
•  Derived from experimental lesions in 
animals 
•  Phrenology
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7
Q

Pierre Flourens

A 
•  Stimulated and ablated cortical regions in 
animals 
•  Disputed phrenology 
•  Aggregate theory = all brain regions 
participate in every mental operation
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8
Q

Paul Broca and Carl Wernike

A 
•  Challenged aggregate theory 
•  “Behavior linked to postmortem 
studies of lesions in patients with 
focal epilepsy or stroke led to 
evidence of localization of function 
•  “We speak with the left 
hemisphere!” Broca 1864
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9
Q

Gustov Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig

A 
•  Characteristic limb movements 
of dogs can be produced by 
electrical stimulation of a 
specific area of the cerebral 
cortex = motor cortex 
•  Right controlled by left 
hemisphere
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10
Q

Korbinian Brodmann

A

•  Classification of cortical
areas based on
cytoarchitecture
•  Nissl stain method

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11
Q

Golgi’s Reticular theory

A

neurons connected by protoplasmic
links to form a reticulum (Latin “net”) for nerve cell
communication; pioneered staining with impregnation with
silver salts = Golgi technique

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12
Q

Ramon y Cajal’s Neuron Doctrine

A

nerve cells are discrete entities that communicate via specialized contacts

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13
Q

Charles Sherrington

A

• Worked on apparent transfer of electrical signals
via reflex pathways
•  Termed them “synapses”, supported the neuron
doctrine
•  Received the Nobel in 1932

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14
Q

Nerve cells = Neurons

A

 Specialized for electrical signaling over long distances
 Neurons communicate via synapses (predominately) or gap
junctions (rarely)
 100 billion in brain
 Projection neurons (afferent and efferent neurons) and
interneurons
 Phenotypes vary with locale
 Greater diversity in brain than in any other organ

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15
Q

Diverse subsets of neurons constitute ensembles of _________ = neural systems to process specific types of info

A

Diverse subsets of neurons constitute ensembles of neural

circuits = neural systems to process specific types of info

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16
Q 
  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = extension of cell body 
that may travel a few hundred 
μm 
  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = targets for 
synaptic input from axons of 
other neurons
A 
  Axon = extension of cell body 
that may travel a few hundred 
μm 
  Dendrites = targets for 
synaptic input from axons of 
other neurons
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17
Q

 More _________ = more
innervation by other
neurons

A

 More arborization of
dendrites = more
innervation by other
neurons

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18
Q

Convergence

A

Convergence = inputs to a
single neuron; a single human
neuron will receive 1-100,000
inputs

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19
Q

Divergence

A

Divergence = outputs to other

neurons by any one neuron

20
Q

Action potential

A

carries signals over
long distances
  Self-regenerating wave of electrical activity
  All or nothing change in electrical potential
(voltage) across membrane
  Propogates from axon hillock to axon
terminal synapses

21
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

chemical and
electrical processes by which the info
encoded by action potentials is passed
at synapses

22
Q

glia cells

A

Supporting cells; ratio glia to neurons is 3:1
  Support system; do not participate in synaptic interactions
or electrical signaling
 New evidence that glia cells retain characteristics of stem
cells = can enter mitosis and generate nervous tissue cells

23
Q

Astrocytes

A

 CNS
 Blood-Brain Barrier
 Maintain environment

24
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

 CNS

 myelin

25
Q

Schwann cells

A

 PNS

 myelin

26
Q

Microglia

A

 Scavengers
 Release cytokines
 Similar to macrophages

27
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of :
•  __________
•  __________
•  __________

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)
• Sensory systems
• Motor systems
• Associational systems

28
Q

•  Nerve cells are arranged in 2

different ways: __________ and __________

A

• Nuclei = local accumulations of neurons with
similar functions; ie brainstem and
hypothalamus
•  Cortex = sheet-like arrangement of nerve
cells; ie cerebral cortex and cerebellum

29
Q

Axons are gathered into tracts, called
_________ when they cross the midline
(white matter)

A

Axons are gathered into tracts, called
commissures when they cross the midline
(white matter)

30
Q

  Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consistis of :

A 
  Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 
• Sensory neurons with cell bodies 
localized in ganglia 
• Axons bundled into nerves 
• Somatic motor division innervates 
skeletal muscle 
• Autonomic motor division innervates 
smooth muscle
31
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
• Sympathetic system
• Parasympathetic system
• Also organized in ganglia and nerves

32
Q

• Representations of the information is processed at various levels : ____________ and ____________

A

• Representations of the information is processed at various levels
• Topographic maps = point-to-point correspondence between the
sensory periphery and CNS neurons (vision and somatosensation
• Computational maps = compare, assess and integrate stimulus
attributes to extract info (olfaction, gustation)

33
Q

• Parallel pathways = ______________

A

• Parallel pathways = information from each submodality is

processed separately

34
Q

what are the Hallmarks of nervous system and define each.

A

Unity of function: nterconnected ensemble of neurons with similar dedications
Representation of specific information: Representations of the information is processed at various levels: Topographic maps and Computational maps
Subdivision into subsystems :  Division of the function of the system into submodalities (ie audition vs vision)

35
Q

what is Tract-tracing and what are its types.

A

Tract-tracing provides “mapping” of neural connectivity
•  Anterograde tract tracing = from cell body to axon terminal;
ie biotinylated dextranamine (BDA) and Phaseolus vulgaris
leucoagglutinin (PHA-L)
  Retrograde tract tracing = from axon terminal to cell body;
ie fluorogold (FG), horseradish peroxidase (HRP)

36
Q

what is Extracellular recordings and Intracellular recordings ?

A

 Extracellular recordings = electrode placed near nerve
cell(s) of interest; detect temporal patterns of action
potential activity relating to other neural inputs, a stimulus
or a behavior
 Intracellular recordings = electrode placed inside nerve
cell of interest; useful for detailed analysis of
communication between neurons; detect smaller graded
changes in electrical potentials that trigger action
potentials

37
Q

Functional brain imaging records _______

A

Functional brain imaging records local metabolic activity

within small volumes of brain tissue

38
Q

Neurons transmit and store info by _______

A

Neurons transmit and store info by generating electrical signals

39
Q

Resting membrane potential is ______ and Action potential makes transmembrane potential ________

A

Resting membrane potential is negative and Action potential makes transmembrane potential positive

40
Q

All-or-nothing principle

A

All-or-nothing principle = needs to reach threshold; intensity
of stimulus encoded as frequency

41
Q

Receptor potential

A
  • Electrical signals elicited in response to activation of sensory neurons by external stimuli
  • Info about touch, light, sound, heat, etc. is encoded by receptor potentials
  • Changes the resting potential proportional to stimulus intensity
42
Q

Synaptic potential

A

•  Activation of the synapse during communication between
neurons at the synapse allows transmission of info to
postsynaptic neuron
•  Stimulation of presynaptic neuron changes postsynaptic resting
membrane potential
•  Amplitude varies according to number of synapses activated

43
Q

Ion movements produce electrical signals

A

•  Electrical signals are generated based on the flow of ions (K+,
Cl-, Na+) across the neuron plasma membrane
•  Membrane is selectively permeable to particular ions
•  Ion concentration gradients depend on active transporters and
ion channels in the cell membrane

44
Q

Describe the ionic basis for resting potential

A

•  Diffusion from high to low concentration
•  More K+ inside vs outside neuron (active transporters)
•  Gradient causes K+ to diffuse out of cell taking its + charge with it
leaving the cell more negative relative to the outside
•  Continual resting efflux of K+ holds neuron at negative resting
potential

45
Q

Describe the ionic basis for action potential

A 
•  More K+ inside neuron, more Na
\+ outside neuron at rest 
•  Changes in ion channel 
permeability alter membrane 
potential 
•  Membrane becomes temporarily 
more permeable to Na+ 
• Na+ channels open 
• Na+ flows into cell 
• Membrane depolarizes becoming 
more positive 
• Na+ channels close and K+ channels 
open 
•  Repolarizes back to resting levels

Systems Neuroscience (4 decks)

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