Lec 1&2

Question 1

Molecular pharmacology is…

Answer 1

concerned with the development, design, structure, and action of drugs and their effects on biological systems

Question 2

Toxicology is…

Answer 2

the scientific study of poisons and their action, and investigation of drug induced side effects

Question 3

What is an agonist

Answer 3

a drug with a positive effect

Question 4

what is an antagonist

Answer 4

a drug with a negative effect

Question 5

what is pharmacokinetics

Answer 5

what the body does to a drug eg. how it breaks the drug down and excretes it

Question 6

what is pharmacodynamics

Answer 6

the action of the drug on the body (organism)

Question 7

is the drug Succinylcholine an agonist or antagonist and at what

Answer 7

an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in skeletal muscle

Question 8

examples of early care and treatment in northern italy discovered in GI-tract of Otzi mummy

Answer 8

birch polypore (medicinal mushroom) for anti-inflammatory and anti-fever, and ferns to kill parasitic worms, tattoos as acupuncture for joint pain

Question 9

Axiom of Modern Pharmacology

Answer 9

All substances are poisons, there is none that is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy - Theophrastus von Hohenheim, Paracelsus

Question 10

what drug is from a foxglove and its use

Answer 10

digoxin to treat heart conditions like atrial fibrillation

Question 11

what drug is from autumn crocus and its use

Answer 11

colchicine to treat gout

Question 12

what drug is from common willow and its use

Answer 12

salicylic acid to treat acne and an active metabolite of acetylsalicylic acid

Question 13

what drug is from deadly nightshade

Answer 13

atropine as an antagonist of mAChR which increases heart rate, dilates the pupils, reduces salivation

Question 14

naloxone

Answer 14

an antagonist against opioid receptors , 30-90 minute blocking effect against opioid receptors, fast acting by nasal spray, intravenous injection, or intramuscular injection

Question 15

what are the 3 main stages of drug discovery and development

Answer 15

1 drug discovery - identification of candidate molecules based on their pharmacological, biochemical, and physicochemical properties 2 preclinical development - non-human (animal or cell-culture) studies to determine basic pharmacokinetics, potential toxic side effects and formulation 3 clinical development - determination of efficacy, side effects, and optimum dosage in volunteers and patients

Question 16

what happens in the 3 preclinical testing stages

Answer 16

1- effects of drug on cellular function, 2-mechanism of drug action, 3-toxicity testing (in-vivo, in-vitro, and ex-vivo (organs or tissue removed from an organism))

Question 17

Phase 0 of drug development

Answer 17

human microdosing, doses well below recommended therapeutic dose to test for initial safety

Question 18

Phase 1 of drug development

Answer 18

clinical trial on healthy subjects to investigate the drugs effects on body function and drug safety

Question 19

Phase 2 of drug development

Answer 19

clinical trials on selected patients to investigate the drugs effect on disease and discover therapeutic dosage

Question 20

Phase 3 of drug development

Answer 20

clinical trial on large groups of patients to compare with other therapies, if all 3 phases successful the drug is approved by FDA and/or EMA

Question 21

Phase 4 of drug development

Answer 21

pharmacovigilance, clinical trial for longterm benefit-risk evaluation to determine therapeutic value of novel drug or delivery system, also slow burning or delayed side effects

Question 22

what are the non-human systems used for preclinical testing

Answer 22

animals such as mice/rats/rabbits, animal models of human disorders, isolated organs, cell-culture (in-vitro assay systems)

Question 23

what is Good Clinical Practice

Answer 23

set of internationally recognised ethical and scientific quality requirements which must be observed for designing, conducting, recording, and reporting clinical trials involving human subjects, this provides assurance that the rights, safety, and well-being of trial subjects are protected and the results of the clinical trial are credible

Question 24

further testing of a novel drug is required for

Answer 24

production of generic drug under a brand name, production of analogue drugs (as have slight modifications of established drug molecule), new drug combinations (secondary substrates such as preservatives must be tested also as these can be what cause adverse side effects sometimes but without proper testing it would be blamed on the actually functional drug)

Question 25

what happens any foreign substance that enters the body

Answer 25

will eventually be gotten rid of by the body eg by being excreted as urine etc