Lec 1&2 Flashcards
Molecular pharmacology is…
concerned with the development, design, structure, and action of drugs and their effects on biological systems
Toxicology is…
the scientific study of poisons and their action, and investigation of drug induced side effects
What is an agonist
a drug with a positive effect
what is an antagonist
a drug with a negative effect
what is pharmacokinetics
what the body does to a drug eg. how it breaks the drug down and excretes it
what is pharmacodynamics
the action of the drug on the body (organism)
is the drug Succinylcholine an agonist or antagonist and at what
an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in skeletal muscle
examples of early care and treatment in northern italy discovered in GI-tract of Otzi mummy
birch polypore (medicinal mushroom) for anti-inflammatory and anti-fever, and ferns to kill parasitic worms, tattoos as acupuncture for joint pain
Axiom of Modern Pharmacology
All substances are poisons, there is none that is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy - Theophrastus von Hohenheim, Paracelsus
what drug is from a foxglove and its use
digoxin to treat heart conditions like atrial fibrillation
what drug is from autumn crocus and its use
colchicine to treat gout
what drug is from common willow and its use
salicylic acid to treat acne and an active metabolite of acetylsalicylic acid
what drug is from deadly nightshade
atropine as an antagonist of mAChR which increases heart rate, dilates the pupils, reduces salivation
naloxone
an antagonist against opioid receptors , 30-90 minute blocking effect against opioid receptors, fast acting by nasal spray, intravenous injection, or intramuscular injection
what are the 3 main stages of drug discovery and development
1 drug discovery - identification of candidate molecules based on their pharmacological, biochemical, and physicochemical properties 2 preclinical development - non-human (animal or cell-culture) studies to determine basic pharmacokinetics, potential toxic side effects and formulation 3 clinical development - determination of efficacy, side effects, and optimum dosage in volunteers and patients
what happens in the 3 preclinical testing stages
1- effects of drug on cellular function, 2-mechanism of drug action, 3-toxicity testing (in-vivo, in-vitro, and ex-vivo (organs or tissue removed from an organism))
Phase 0 of drug development
human microdosing, doses well below recommended therapeutic dose to test for initial safety
Phase 1 of drug development
clinical trial on healthy subjects to investigate the drugs effects on body function and drug safety
Phase 2 of drug development
clinical trials on selected patients to investigate the drugs effect on disease and discover therapeutic dosage
Phase 3 of drug development
clinical trial on large groups of patients to compare with other therapies, if all 3 phases successful the drug is approved by FDA and/or EMA
Phase 4 of drug development
pharmacovigilance, clinical trial for longterm benefit-risk evaluation to determine therapeutic value of novel drug or delivery system, also slow burning or delayed side effects
what are the non-human systems used for preclinical testing
animals such as mice/rats/rabbits, animal models of human disorders, isolated organs, cell-culture (in-vitro assay systems)
what is Good Clinical Practice
set of internationally recognised ethical and scientific quality requirements which must be observed for designing, conducting, recording, and reporting clinical trials involving human subjects, this provides assurance that the rights, safety, and well-being of trial subjects are protected and the results of the clinical trial are credible
further testing of a novel drug is required for
production of generic drug under a brand name, production of analogue drugs (as have slight modifications of established drug molecule), new drug combinations (secondary substrates such as preservatives must be tested also as these can be what cause adverse side effects sometimes but without proper testing it would be blamed on the actually functional drug)
what happens any foreign substance that enters the body
will eventually be gotten rid of by the body eg by being excreted as urine etc
