Lec 01 Flashcards
Anabolism
Breakdown to smaller pieces
Catabolism
Make more complex pieces
Metabolite
Chemical intermediate in the enzyme catalyzed reaction of metabolism
Metabolome
Complete set of metabolites present under specific conditions
Metabolomics def
Systematic identification and quantification of small molecule metabolic products of a biological system at specific point in time
Metabolomics function
1- identify dietary biomarkers and metabolic consequences of diet
2- precision medicine
3- biomarkers
4- patient selection for clinical trials (quantity of a drug molecules in in body)
Precision medicine
Use of metabolomics to phenotype tumors and to design cancer therapies
Most commonly used technique for data acquisition
NMR
Mass Spec
Warburg effect
High anaerobic use of glucose and production of lactic acid in tumor cells
Nuclear envelope
Segregates chromatin (DNA + protein) from cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
1-Separate cell from environment
2-Regulate movement of materials
RER- rough endoplasmic reticulum
Protein synthesis
Mitochondria
Produce ATP
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis machines
Peroxisomes
Oxidize fatty acid
Cytoskeleton
1- support cell
2- aid movement
3- some enzymatic process
Lysosome
Degrade intracellular debris
Golgi complex
Process, package, and targets proteins to other organelles
SER
Site of lipid synthesis and drug metabolism
Nucleolus
Ribosomal RNA synthesis
Cytoplasm more like gelo or water
Gelo
Morphologically cells vary in
Shape
Size
Cells can vary based in
Morphologically
Physiologically
Structure and function
Animal and plant cells size
5 to 100 micrometers
Bacterial cells size
1 to 2 micrometers
Lowest size limited by
Minimum number of biomolecules required
(Min volume to carry all)
Upper size limited by
Rate of diffusion of solutes in aqueous intracellular environment
If a cell requires oxygen to produce energy:
SA to intracellular vol must be large enough so oxygen can easily diffuse into every part of cell
What happens when metabolic processes consume O2 faster than diffusion can supply?
Anabolic reaction
How does oxygen get to cells
Carry oxygen by blood vessels
What effects oxygen transport
1- oxygen tension gradient
2- diffusion distance
What happens when tumours growth exceeds blood vessel growth?
Change metabolism to gain nutrients
Most highly oxidized form of carbon
Carbon dioxide
Most living cells obtain energy via
Oxidizing metabolic fuels
(Catabolic pathway of metabolism are oxidative reaction sequences which result in transfer electrons from fuel molecules)
Least oxidized form of carbon
Alkane
Carbon oxidizing from least to highest
1- alkane
2- alcohol
3- aldehyde
4- carboxylic acid
5- carbon dioxide
