LEAVING CERT BIOLOGY FOOD Flashcards
some information is too long so it has to be read in the book
how many elements are found in food
14
what are the four main types of food biomolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and vitamins
define biomolecules
biomolecules are chemicals made by living things
what are the six most common elements in food
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur
what are the five elements found dissolved in salts
sodium, magnesium, chlorine, potassium and calcium
what are the three trace elements found in food
iron, copper and zinc
what are trace elements
elements found in tiny amounts
what elements are in carbohydrates
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
what formula is glucose
C6H12O6
what ratio are carbohydrates
Cx[H20]y
what are the three types of carbohydrates
monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides
define monosaccharides
monosaccharides are carbohydrates which consists of one sugar unit
give three examples of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose and ribose
define disaccharides
disaccharides are carbohydrates made of two sugar units joined together
give two examples of disaccharides
maltose and sucrose [table sugar]
what is maltose made up of
two glucose molecuels
what is sucrose made up of
glucose=fructose
define polysaccharides
polysaccharides are carbohydrates made up of many sugar units joined together
give three examples of polysaccharides
starch, cellulose and glycogen
give a few examples of where starch is found
starch is stored by plants and found in flour, bread, potatoes, rice and pasta
give a few examples of where cellulose is found
cellulose is found in plant cell walls, forms roughage or fibre in our diet
where is glycogen stored
glycogen is stored by animals in the liver and muscles
what is the structural function of cellulose
cellulose forms cell walls
give a metabolic function of glucose
glucose gives energy in respiration
give a metabolic function of glycogen
glycogen stores energy in animals
give a metabolic function of starch
starch stores energy in plants
what chemical is needed to test for starch
iodine
what chemical is needed to test for reducing sugars/simple sugars
benedicts solution
what elements are always contained in protein
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
what are proteins made up of
amino acids
what are the basic building blocks of protein
amino acids
when amino acids combine what do they form
peptides, polypeptides and proteins
why are proteins folded into complex 3D shapes
to allow them to function properly
give a few sources of protein
meat, fish, eggs, milk, peas and beans
give a structural function for keratin
keratin is found in hair and skin
give a structural function of myosin
myosin is found in muscle
give a metabolic function of enzymes
enzymes control reactions
give a metabolic function of antibodies
antibodies fight infections
what is the name of the test for testing protein
biuret test
what two chemicals are needed to test for protein
sodium hydroxide and copper sulfate
what two chemicals make biuret solution
sodium hydroxide and copper sulfate
what elements are in lipids
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
what are fats at room temperature
fats are solid at room temperature
what are oils at room temperature
oils are liquid at room temperature
name two types of lipids
triglyceride and phospholipid
what is triglyceride composed of
1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids
what are phospholipids composed of
1 glycerol molecule, 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate
give a few sources of lipids
butter, cream, milk, meat, oils and fried food
give three functions of lipids
.provide energy
.store energy
.phospholipids form part of cell membranes
what type of paper is used to test for lipids
BROWN PAPER
what is a water soluble vitamin
a vitamin that dissolves in water
name a water soluble vitamin
vitamin c
name two types of vitamins
water soluble and fat soluble
give a few sources of vitamin C
fruits, citrus fruits, vegetables
what is vitamin c needed for
needed to form skin, gums, cartilage, ligaments and blood vessels
what does a vitamin C deficiency result in
scurvy
what are the symptoms of scurvy
poor healing skin, bruising and poor gums with loose teeth
what is a fat soluble vitamin
a vitamin that dissolves in fat
name a fat soluble vitamin
vitamin D
can vitamin D dissolve in water . yes or no
no
give a few sources of vitamin D
liver, fish, oils and milk. vitamin D is also made when ultraviolet rays in sunlight act on our skin
what is vitamin D needed for
to absorb calcium from our intestines into the blood
what can a lack of vitamin D cause
rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults
what are the symptoms of rickets and osteomalacia
weak ,brittle bones
name two minerals needed by plants
calcium and magnesium
name two minerals needed by animals
calcium and iron
why is calcium needed by plants
calcium helps hold cell walls together
why is magnesium needed by plants
magnesium is used to make the green pigment chlorophyll
why is calcium needed by animals
calcium forms bones and teeth
why is iron needed by animals
iron forms the pigment haemoglobin in red blood cells
name two types of metabolism
anabolism and catabolism
briefly explain anabolic reactions
anabolic reactions make larger molecules from smaller ones
briefly explain catabolic reactions
catabolic reactions break down larger molecules to form smaller ones
give two examples of anabolic reactions
photosynthesis and protein synthesis
give one example of a catabolic reaction
respiration
