Learning to Write ✍️

Question 1

Barry Kroll

Answer 1

Identified four stages of development ->
. Preparation (up to 6yrs) Basic motor skills are acquired alongside some principles.
. Consolidation (7/8yrs) Writing is similar to spoken language - a more casual, colloquial register, joined by conj ‘and’.
. Differentiation (9/10yrs) Awareness of writing as separate from speech. A stronger understanding of writing for different audiences.
Integration (mid-teens) This stage heralds the ‘personal voice’ in writing and is characterised by controlled writing.

Question 2

Joan Rothery’s categories

Answer 2

. Observation/comment = writer makes an observation(“I saw tiger”) and follows with either an evaluative comment “it was very large” or mixes with an observation.
. Recount = usually a chronological sequence of events.
Report = A factual and objective description of events or things.
Narrative = story genre ORC

Question 3

Britton - 3 modes of writing used by school children.

Answer 3

Expressive = first mode to develop bc it represents speech. First person.
Poetic = develops gradually, requiring skills in crafting and shaping language.
Transactional = develops last, around secondary age.

Question 4

Richard Gentry’s spelling stages

Answer 4

Pre-phonemic = imitate writing, mainly scribbling and using pretend writing; some letters are decipherable.
Semi-phonetic = link letter shapes and sounds, using this to write words.
Phonetic = understand that all phonemes can be represented by graphemes; words become more complete.
Transitional = combine phonic knowledge with visual memory; incl magic ‘e’ rule.
Conventional = spell most words correctly.

Question 5

Categories of spelling error.

Answer 5

Insertion - adding extra letters
Omission - leaving out letters
Substitution - substituting one letter for another
Salient sounds - only incl key sounds

Question 6

Pierre Bordieu

Answer 6

• Cultural capital
• Economic capital
• Social capital

Question 7

Katherine Perara

Answer 7

• Chronological texts = easier to write as they rely on action words and linking ideas with connectives.
• Non-chronological texts = considered harder to write because they require logical connections between ideas.

Question 8

Synthetic Phonics teaching programme

Answer 8

• Children are taught how to decode words into individual sounds.
• Then they can blend all the sounds together as a way of reading the entire word.

Question 9

David Wright

Answer 9

• Researched the connection between both owning books and social class and gender.
• Those from groups of relative socio-economic privilege were more likely to read. Again, women were more avid readers.

Question 10

William Labov - oral narratives

Answer 10

1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Complicating action
4. Resolution
5. Evaluation
6. Coda