Learning to read and write Flashcards
Who came up with Emergent Literacy?
Marie Clay
What is Emergent Literacy?
She suggested that children’s writing begins to develop long before children can produce formal texts. She said that early writing helps children grasp the ‘seven’ principles of development
What is the Recurring Principle?
When a child only knows a limited number of letters, they will use these repeatedly to create a message
What is the Directional Principle?
They learn that reading and writing goes from left to right and uses a return sweep to start the process again
What is the Generating Principle?
letters can be combined in different ways. Begins to recognize that there are patterns e.g. bound and free morphemes
What is the Inventory Principle?
Child begins to write lists of letters and words that he or she knows as a summary of their own learning e.g. their name
What is Goodman’s Functional Principle?
The notion writing can serve a purpose and has a function for the writer
What is Goodman’s Linguistic Principle?
That writing is a system that is organized into words and letters and has directionality
Goodmans Relational Principle?
Children start to connect what they write with spoken words and understand that the alphabet carries meaning
What are the 10 Basic Skills for Writing?
- Motor skills
- Form upper and lowercase letters
- Importance of letter directionality
- Cursive so they can learn to join phonemes
- The ability to recognize diagraphs
- Lineation
- Punctuation
- The ability to plan what they’re writing in advance
- Use and form conventions e.g. vocative and valedictions
- Monitor their own writing
What is the Drawing & Sign Writing stage of children’s writing?
Children experiment with a kind of sign writing which is regarded as being different from drawing. They show some characteristics of writing on a page
What is the Letter-like forms stage of children’s writing?
Individual signs produced have some letter-like features
What is the Copied Letters stage of children’s writing?
Child is able to overwrite, underwrite and copy letters for them to be recognised
What is the Child’s name & strings of letters stage of children’s writing?
Child independently writes strings of letters, usually including their own name
What is the Words stage of children’s writing?
Children learn that sounds associated with groups of letters represent familiar spoken words. Begin to understand the use of the alphabet
What is the Sentences stage of children’s writing?
Children have learnt to write confidently. Can express ideas in writing that link to several concepts, they need to use clauses or sentences to do this. They do this without using capital letters and full stops systematically
What is the Text stage of children’s writing?
Writing involves combining clauses or sentences to express related ideas
What are Barclay’s Seven Stages?
- Scribbling
- Mock handwriting
- Mock letters
- Conventional Letters
- Invented spelling
- Approximated or phonetic spelling
- Conventional spelling
What is the Preparatory Stage in Krolls phases?
Child masters the basic motor skills needed to write. Child learns the basic principles of the spelling system
What is the Consolidation Stage in Kroll’s Phases?
Child writes in the same way they speak. Uses short declarative sentences which include mainly ‘and’ conjunctions. Incomplete sentences as they don’t know how to finish sentences of (this many be outdated)
What is the differentiation stage in Kroll’s phases?
Child becomes aware of the difference between speaking and writing
Child recognises the different writing styles available e.g. letters and essays
Child makes lots of mistakes
Writing guides and frameworks are provided to structure work
Child writing tends to reflect thoughts and feelings
What is the integration stage in Kroll’s phases?
Child develops a personal style. Child understands that you can change your style according to audience and purpose
What did Vygotsky claim about children developing writing?
-Adults act as a ‘more knowledgeable other’
-Adults provide ‘scaffolding’ to help children learn
-Adults place children in the ‘zone of proximal development’
What did Joan Rothery investigate?
His investigative work with young children’s writing in Australian schools (1984) provides a framework for looking at the essential features of children’s writing.
What is the Observation/comment Rothery Category?
The child makes an observation (I saw a tiger) and follows this with either an evaluative comment (It was very large) or mixes these in with the observation (I saw a very large tiger)
What is the Recount Rothery Category?
Usually a chronological sequence of events, written subjectively in the first person
The structure usually follows the Orientation-Event-Reorientation pattern
What is the Report Rothery Category?
A factual or objective description of events or things; it tends not to be chronological
What is a Narrative Rothery Category?
A story genre where the scene is set for events to occur and be resolved at the end
Orientation-Complication-Resolution-Coda
Because of structural complexity, few children will achieve whole structure early on
What is the expressive mode in Britton’s Modes
The writing about personal experiences or feelings. Uses the first person perspective and the content is usually based on personal preferences
What is the poetic mode in Britton’s Modes?
Phonological features such as rhyme, rhythm and alliteration as well as descriptive devices such as adjectives and similes are common
What is transactional mode in Britton’s Mode?
The style of academic essays as it is more impersonal in style and tone. The third person is used to create a detached tone. Formal sentence structures and graphological features are used to signpost sections and ideas and structures tend to be chronological
What are the features of the pre-prephonemic stage of spelling development?
-Pretend writing
-Random writing on page- letters, symbols, numbers
-Repetition of familiar letters e.g. of the child’s name
-Uses left-to-right directionality
-Uses random sight words
What are the features of the semiphonetic stage of spelling development?
-Leaves random spaces in writing
-Uses a few known words in correct place
-Shows some letter- sound correspondence
What are the features of the phonetic stage of spelling development?
-Understand all sounds can be represented by a grapheme
-Vowels are omitted when not heard
-Spaces words correctly
-Letters are assigned strictly on the basis of sound
What are the features of transitional stage of spelling development?
-Combines phonic knowledge with visual memory
-Vowels appear in every syllable
-Silent ‘e’ pattern becomes fixed
-Inflectional endings are used
-Diagraphs are used
What is the conventional stage of spelling development?
Spells most words correctly
What is the Insertion category of spelling errors?
Adding extra letters
What is the omission category of spelling errors?
Leaving out letters
What is the substitution category of spelling errors?
Wrong letter in place of another
What is the transposition category of spelling errors?
Correct letter but it comes in the wrong order
What is the phonetic spelling category of spelling errors?
Trying to guess letters that might come because of how it sounds
What is the over-generalisation category of spelling errors?
Applying a rule too much, e.g. the magic e
What is the under-generalisation category of spelling errors?
Only using e.g. magic e in one word
What is the salient sounds category of spelling errors?
Only saying the key soudns
What are the two attitudes to learning to write?
The Creative Model
The Rule-Based Model
What is the Creative Model?
Children should be allowed to experiment creatively with language
Should not be strictly corrected
Learn by trial and error to become accomplished writers
Are less afraid of writing and of making mistakes when they make them
What is the Rule-Based Model?
When a child understands the rules of spelling, punctuation and grammar, progress is more rapid
Young writers are able to produce texts that are comprehensible and appropriate for audience and purpose more easily
What can the role of adults do for children’s writing?
-Can ‘framework’ children’s writing, providing structure or opening sentences
-Adults (usually teachers) give formal feedback about how to improve writing (Skinner operant conditioning)
What is Lexical Development in the Developmental Model?
Children start with largely monosyllabic lexis as it’s easier to deduce the phoneme-grapheme correspondence
Three letter consonant-vowel-consonant words (cat,dog,mum,dad) are most common
As the child develops, lexis becomes more varied and challenging (polysyllabic)
They also begin to employ subject specific lexis
What is Grammatical Development in A Developmental Model?
Children progress from simple to complex sentences
Children tend to only use declaratives initially but then move to interrogatives and imperatives
Older children may use passive voice
What is Syntax Development in A Developmental Model
In early writing adverbs are placed consistently at the end of a clause. SVOCA is very rigid. As writing matures, placement becomes more flexible
Subordinate clauses may be fronted in later writing
