Learning, Thought, and Language

Question 1

classical conditioning

Answer 1

a learning process in which two stimuli become associate with each other.

Question 2

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 2

a stimulus that automatically triggers an involuntary response without any learning needed.
-no learning needed

Question 3

unconditioned response

Answer 3

a reflexive, involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus
-happens natutally

Question 4

conditioned stimulus

Answer 4

previously neutral stimulus that an organism learns to associate with an unconditioned stimulus.
- learned stimulus

Question 5

conditioned response

Answer 5

a learned response to a conditioned stimulus

Question 6

stimulus generalization

Answer 6

the tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response

Question 7

stimulus discrimination

Answer 7

the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli sufficiently different from it

Question 8

extinction

Answer 8

presenting the conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus, over and over and the unconditioned response decreases and eventually disappears

Question 9

spontaneous recovery

Answer 9

the reappearance of a conditioned response following its extinction

Question 10

taste aversion

Answer 10

a form of classical conditioning that occurs when an organism learns to associate the taste of a particular food with illness.

Question 11

operant conditioning

Answer 11

learning that occurs when voluntary actions become associated with their consequences

Question 12

the law of effect

Answer 12

the law of effect

Question 13

positive reinforcement

Answer 13

the process by which reinforcers are added or presented following a target behavior, increasing the likelihood of it occurring again

Question 14

negative reinforcement

Answer 14

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a target behavior, which increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

Question 15

primary reinforcement

Answer 15

reinforcers that satisfy a biological need
-food, water, physical context

Question 16

secondary reinforcement

Answer 16

reinforcers that do not satisfy biological needs but often gain power through their association with primary reinforcers

Question 17

continuous reinforcement

Answer 17

a schedule of reinforcement in which target behavior is reinforced

Question 18

partial reinforcement

Answer 18

a schedule of reinforcement in which target in which target behaviors are reinforced intermittently, not continuously

Question 19

positive punishment

Answer 19

something aversive or disagreeable is applied following a certain behavior

Question 20

negative punishment

Answer 20

taking away something pleasant or valuable following a certain behavior

Question 21

shaping

Answer 21

a process by which a person observes the behaviors of another organism, providing reinforcers if the organism performs at a required level

Question 22

observational learning

Answer 22

learning by watching and imitating others

Question 23

bobo doll experiment

Answer 23

reveals that behaviors can be acquired simply by observing someone else preform those behaviors