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Learning theorys (Psychology) > Learning theorys > Flashcards

Learning theorys Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a neutral stimulus?

A

A stimulus that does not initially cause a response (Behaviourism)

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2
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

When something bad is taken away (Behaviourism)

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3
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

When the outcome of the behaviour is positive (Behaviourism)

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4
Q

What approach believes that we are born as a tablua rasa (Blank Slate)?

A

Behaviourism

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5
Q

What approach did Pavlov try to prove with his dogs?

A

Behaviourism

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6
Q

What kind of experiments are used in behaviourism?

A

Lab experiments often using animals

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7
Q

What is an unconditioned response?

A

A response that is natural to the unconditioned stimuli and we do not have control over (Behaviourism)

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8
Q

What animals did Skinner research with?

A

Rats (Behaviourism)

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9
Q

What factors does the behaviourist approach ignore?

A

It does not take environmental factors into account

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10
Q

Explain Bandura’s research

A
  • Bandura took 72 children from Stanford Uni Nursery (36G/36B)
  • He ranked there aggressiveness on a 5 point scale and evenly distributed the levels of aggression into three different groups
  • He showed one group an aggressive role model attacking a bobo doll
    another was shown a non-aggressive role model and finally a control was shown no role model
  • Then the children were put in a playroom with toys notably a Bobo doll
  • Those shown an aggressive role model were likely to act aggressively towards the bobo doll
    (SLT)
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11
Q

What is the basic belief of social learining theory?

A

Children and people learn by watching people and observation of actions and concequences genetics play no part

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12
Q

Define vicarious reinforcement

A

Observing a behaviour and its consequences and then deciding on whether or not we would like to copy it (SLT)

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13
Q

What makes someone more likely to be a role model?

A
  • Older
  • Same Gender
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14
Q

What does ARMM stand for?

A

Attention - Noticing it
Retention - Remembering it
Motor reproduction - Being able to do it
Motivation - Wanting to do it

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15
Q

What is the basic beliefs of the Cognitive approach?

A

It focuses on how we perceive, store, manipulate and interpret info it does this by scientifically studying thought processes by making inferences

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16
Q

What is a schema?

A

A schema is a mental process which uses information that we already know and allows to quickly process info and not get overwhelmed by environmental stimuli

17
Q

What is a schema?

A

A schema is a mental process which uses information that we already know and allows to quickly process info and not get overwhelmed by environmental stimuli (Cognitive)

18
Q

What is mundane realism and why do cognitive approach experiments lack it?

A

Mundane realism describes the degree to which the materials and procedures involved in an experiment are similar to events that occur in the real world, cognitive experiments lack it as there experiments are often conducted in labs and involve mundane tasks.

19
Q

What is a Monozygotic twin?

A

Identical twin sharing 100% of their DNA (Biological)

20
Q

What is a Dizygotic twin?

A

Non identical twin sharing 500% of their DNA which is the same as a normal sibling(Biological)

21
Q

What is the difference between a phenotype and a genotype

A

A genotypes expression can be influenced by the environment however a phenotype cannot. (Biological)

22
Q

Name two ways in which survival ofthe fittest is exhibited mentally within humans?

A
  • Young children have a strong attachment to parents/care figures, this is so that they do not get lost or harmed helping children survive
  • Phobias of things like spiders or snakes could be to protect ourselves from harm
23
Q

What does the biological approach not take into account?

A

Environment or emotions

24
Q

Give a basic explanation of the Psychodynamic approach?

A

A person is ever changing and has three sections to the mind the
Conscious - Memories which are currently in our mind
Subconscious - Memories which are not currently in our mind but we can make ourselves aware of
Unconscious - Memories that we do not recall but affect us still

25
Q

What is the Id and when is it developed?

A

Develops at birth and uses the pleasure principle to take charge and satisfy its needs

26
Q

What is the Ego and when is it developed?

A

Develops at 2-3 years and works on the reality principle to find the best compromise between the Id and the Superego it also employs a number of defense mechanisms

27
Q

What is the Superego and when is it developed?

A

Develops at 5 years old and operates on the moral principle to show our internalised sense of right from wrong contrasting the Id we inherit it from our same sex parent

28
Q

What is a defense mechanism and what are the 3 main ones?

A

A defense mechanism stops the individual from becoming aware from a traumatic event.
- Repression
- Displacement
- Denial

29
Q

What is the Oral phase and what can it lead to?

A

0-1 Years
Conflict can occur as a result of weaning, if something goes wrong it can lead to smoking, biting nails and sarcasm this is called an oral fixation

30
Q

What is the Anal phase and what can it lead to?

A

1-3 years
Conflict can occur from toilet training and can lead to you either becoming Anally retentive where you are a perfectionist and obsessive or Anally expulsive where you are thoughtless and messy

31
Q

What is the Phallic phase and what can it lead to?

A

3-5 years
Conflict can occur as a result the Oedipus or Electra complex this can cause people to be narcissistic, reckless and possibly homosexual this is called having a phallic personality

32
Q

What is the Genital phase and what can it lead to?

A

Puberty - …
Conflict can occur from sexual desires becoming conscious this could lead to you struggling to form a healthy hetrosexual relationship

33
Q

What is the Oedipus complex?

A

A boy aged 3-6 is in love with mum unconsciously and therefore is worried their dad will cut their penis off to overcome this the boy must identify with his father and take on his superego furthermore the son must substitute his love for his mum.

34
Q

What is the Electra complex?

A

A girl aged 3-6 is in love with dad unconsciously and thinks that her mum cut her penis off she has penis envy to overcome this the girl must identify with her mother and take on her superego furthermore the son must substitute his love for her dad.

35
Q

What is the order of the hierarchy of needs?

A

Physiological > Safety and security > Love and belonging > Self esteem > self actualisation

36
Q

What is congruence and incongruence?

A

Incongruence is the difference between your ‘ideal self’ and ‘perceived self’

Learning theorys (Psychology) (1 decks)

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