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EPPP > Learning Theory / Cognitive Theories /Memory > Flashcards

Learning Theory / Cognitive Theories /Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Pavlov

A

Classical Conditioning (dogs & bell)

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2
Q

Components of Classical Conditioning

A
  • Unconditioned stimulus (US) - meat
  • Unconditioned response (UR) - salivation
  • Conditioned stimulus (CS) - bell
  • Conditioned response (CR) - salivation
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3
Q

Types of Classical Conditioning

A
  • Delay: present CS right before/overlapping with US
  • Trace: present CS before US
  • Simultaneous: present CS and US simultaneously
  • Backward: present US before CS
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4
Q

Classical Extinction

A

The gradual disapperance of CR as a result of repeated CS (w/o US)

(Can be reestablished through “refresher trials”)

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5
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

The idea that when CR stops, it is suppressed NOT eliminated

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6
Q

Stimulus Generalization

vs

Stimulus Discrimination

A
  • Stimulus generalization: response to neutral stimulus that is similar to CS
  • Stimulus discrimination: response to only specific CS
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7
Q

Experimental Neurosis

A

The reaction when discrimination is too difficult/overwhelming

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8
Q

Higher-Order Conditioning

A

Pairing a neutral stimulus right before the CS
so that the neutral becomes a second CS

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9
Q

Blocking

A

Pairing a neutral stimulus at same time as CS,
neutral stimulus will NOT result in CR

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10
Q

Overshadowing

A

When 2 neutral stimuli are presented, only one will result in CR

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11
Q

John Watson

A

Classical conditioning (Little Albert)

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12
Q

Counterconditioning

A

Pairing CS with US that prevents CR from happening

(“reciprocal inhibition”)

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13
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

Successful because of repeated exposure to CS without US

4 Stages:

  1. Relaxation training
  2. Hierarchy (goal of 10-15, use SUDS)
  3. Desensitization in imagination
  4. In vivo desensitization
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14
Q

Sensate Focus

A

Used for performance anxiety

Redirect focus to gradual mutual sensuality, build up to intercourse

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15
Q

Aversive Counterconditioning

A

CS is paired with neutral stimulus that causes unpleasant response

Types:

  • In Vivo Aversion Therapy: high relapse rate, limited generalization
  • Covert Sensitization: imagining negative consequences associated with CS rather than positive
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16
Q

In Vivo ERP

A
  • Prolonged is better than multiple brief
  • Types: Flooding vs Gradual Exposure
  • Interoceptive Exposure: inducing physical feeling of anxiety
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17
Q

Implosive Therapy

A

Vivid imaginal exposure, very psychodynamic

18
Q

EMDR

A

Based on idea that exposure to trauma
can block information processing mechanism

Rapid eye lateral movements allow access to this
BUT research attributing efficacy to imaginal exposure

19
Q

Thorndike

A

Operant Conditioning (cats, box, lever)

Instrumental learning (trial and error)

Law of Effect: likely to repeat if desirable response

20
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Operant Conditioning (coined term)

Skinner Box

Concepts of reinforcement and punishment

21
Q

Operant Extinction

A

When reinforcer is withheld to decrease behavior

(often results in extinction burst - increase at start)

22
Q

Primary vs Secondary Reinforcers

A
  • Primary Reinforcer: inherently desirable (water, food)
  • Secondary Reinforcer: learned desirable
    • Generalized Secondary: when paired with primary
23
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement

A
  • Continuous: immediately after behavior (best for acquisition)
  • Intermittent: varying (best for maintenace)
    • Fixed Interval: predetermined amount of time (every X min)
    • Variable Interval: random time
    • Fixed Ratio: predetermined # of times (every X times)
    • Variable Ratio: random # times (highest response rate)
24
Q

Thinning

A

Process of reducing the proportion/frequency of reinforcement

25
Q

Matching Law

A

When responding to 2+ reinforcement schedules, the tendency to perform behavior with most response more frequently

26
Q

Stimulus Control

A

Adding something BEFORE behavior to influence “cue” behavior

Types:

  • Positive Discriminative Stimulus: stimulus that signals that behavior WILL be followed by reinforcement (presence of green light)
  • Negative Discriminative Stimulus: stimulus that signals that will NOT be followed by reinforcement (presence of red light)
27
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

Responding to neutral stimulus that is simlar in nature

28
Q

Response Generalization

A

Application of learned behavior/skill to another setting

29
Q

Escape vs Avoidance Conditioning

A

Use of a behavior to escape or avoid undesirable response

30
Q

Satiation

A

When a reinforcer loses its value

31
Q

Fading

A

The gradual removal of a prompt for a desired behavior

32
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforcing behaviors of close approximation

33
Q

Chaining

A

Steps within larger task are reinforcing themselves

34
Q

Premack Principle

A

Using a high probability behavior to reinforce
a low probability behavior (TV after homework)

35
Q

Differential Reinforcement

A

Ignoring undesired, reinforcing anything but undesired

36
Q

Habituation

A

Increasing consequence intensity over time = bad

37
Q

Overcorrection

A
  • Restitution: correct negative effects of undesired behavior
  • Positive Practice: exaggerated practice of more appropriate behavior
  • Negative Practice: exaggerated practice of undesired behavior
38
Q

Response Cost

A

The removal of a reinforcer when a negative behavior performed

39
Q

Contingency Contracts

A

Formal written agreement

5 key parts:

  1. Provide explicit definitions of behavior
  2. Behavior must be capable of being monitored
  3. Establish system of sanctions
  4. Define bonuses
  5. Identify record-keeping system
40
Q

Token Economy

A

4 key components:

  1. Define targer behavior
  2. Choose seocndary/back-up reinforcers
  3. Establish system for monitoring
  4. Identify plan for thinning

EPPP (2 decks)

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