Learning Theory / Cognitive Theories /Memory Flashcards
Pavlov
Classical Conditioning (dogs & bell)
Components of Classical Conditioning
- Unconditioned stimulus (US) - meat
- Unconditioned response (UR) - salivation
- Conditioned stimulus (CS) - bell
- Conditioned response (CR) - salivation
Types of Classical Conditioning
- Delay: present CS right before/overlapping with US
- Trace: present CS before US
- Simultaneous: present CS and US simultaneously
- Backward: present US before CS
Classical Extinction
The gradual disapperance of CR as a result of repeated CS (w/o US)
(Can be reestablished through “refresher trials”)
Spontaneous Recovery
The idea that when CR stops, it is suppressed NOT eliminated
Stimulus Generalization
vs
Stimulus Discrimination
- Stimulus generalization: response to neutral stimulus that is similar to CS
- Stimulus discrimination: response to only specific CS
Experimental Neurosis
The reaction when discrimination is too difficult/overwhelming
Higher-Order Conditioning
Pairing a neutral stimulus right before the CS
so that the neutral becomes a second CS
Blocking
Pairing a neutral stimulus at same time as CS,
neutral stimulus will NOT result in CR
Overshadowing
When 2 neutral stimuli are presented, only one will result in CR
John Watson
Classical conditioning (Little Albert)
Counterconditioning
Pairing CS with US that prevents CR from happening
(“reciprocal inhibition”)
Systematic Desensitization
Successful because of repeated exposure to CS without US
4 Stages:
- Relaxation training
- Hierarchy (goal of 10-15, use SUDS)
- Desensitization in imagination
- In vivo desensitization
Sensate Focus
Used for performance anxiety
Redirect focus to gradual mutual sensuality, build up to intercourse
Aversive Counterconditioning
CS is paired with neutral stimulus that causes unpleasant response
Types:
- In Vivo Aversion Therapy: high relapse rate, limited generalization
- Covert Sensitization: imagining negative consequences associated with CS rather than positive
In Vivo ERP
- Prolonged is better than multiple brief
- Types: Flooding vs Gradual Exposure
- Interoceptive Exposure: inducing physical feeling of anxiety
Implosive Therapy
Vivid imaginal exposure, very psychodynamic
EMDR
Based on idea that exposure to trauma
can block information processing mechanism
Rapid eye lateral movements allow access to this
BUT research attributing efficacy to imaginal exposure
Thorndike
Operant Conditioning (cats, box, lever)
Instrumental learning (trial and error)
Law of Effect: likely to repeat if desirable response
B.F. Skinner
Operant Conditioning (coined term)
Skinner Box
Concepts of reinforcement and punishment
Operant Extinction
When reinforcer is withheld to decrease behavior
(often results in extinction burst - increase at start)
Primary vs Secondary Reinforcers
- Primary Reinforcer: inherently desirable (water, food)
-
Secondary Reinforcer: learned desirable
- Generalized Secondary: when paired with primary
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Continuous: immediately after behavior (best for acquisition)
-
Intermittent: varying (best for maintenace)
- Fixed Interval: predetermined amount of time (every X min)
- Variable Interval: random time
- Fixed Ratio: predetermined # of times (every X times)
- Variable Ratio: random # times (highest response rate)
Thinning
Process of reducing the proportion/frequency of reinforcement
Matching Law
When responding to 2+ reinforcement schedules, the tendency to perform behavior with most response more frequently
Stimulus Control
Adding something BEFORE behavior to influence “cue” behavior
Types:
- Positive Discriminative Stimulus: stimulus that signals that behavior WILL be followed by reinforcement (presence of green light)
- Negative Discriminative Stimulus: stimulus that signals that will NOT be followed by reinforcement (presence of red light)
Stimulus Generalization
Responding to neutral stimulus that is simlar in nature
Response Generalization
Application of learned behavior/skill to another setting
Escape vs Avoidance Conditioning
Use of a behavior to escape or avoid undesirable response
Satiation
When a reinforcer loses its value
Fading
The gradual removal of a prompt for a desired behavior
Shaping
Reinforcing behaviors of close approximation
Chaining
Steps within larger task are reinforcing themselves
Premack Principle
Using a high probability behavior to reinforce
a low probability behavior (TV after homework)
Differential Reinforcement
Ignoring undesired, reinforcing anything but undesired
Habituation
Increasing consequence intensity over time = bad
Overcorrection
- Restitution: correct negative effects of undesired behavior
- Positive Practice: exaggerated practice of more appropriate behavior
- Negative Practice: exaggerated practice of undesired behavior
Response Cost
The removal of a reinforcer when a negative behavior performed
Contingency Contracts
Formal written agreement
5 key parts:
- Provide explicit definitions of behavior
- Behavior must be capable of being monitored
- Establish system of sanctions
- Define bonuses
- Identify record-keeping system
Token Economy
4 key components:
- Define targer behavior
- Choose seocndary/back-up reinforcers
- Establish system for monitoring
- Identify plan for thinning
