Learning Theory/Behavioral/Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions, Memory, & Forgetting

Question 1

BEHAVIORAL MODEL (Lewhinson)

Answer 1

attributes depression to low rate of response-contingent reinforcement due to inadequate reinforcing stimuli in the environment and/or the individual’s lack of skill in getting reinforcement.

Question 2

BIOFEEDBACK

Answer 2

provides the induvial with immediate and continuous feedback about ongoing physiological process (e.g., muscle tension, BP) with the goal of enabling the individual to exercise voluntary control over that process.

Question 3

BLOCKING

Answer 3

in classical conditioning, blocking is when an association has already been established between a CS and US and the CS blocks an association between a 2nd NS and the US when the CS and 2nd NS are presented together.

Question 4

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Answer 4

In classical conditioning, a NS is paired with an US so that the NS alone eventually elicits the response that is naturally elicited by the US.

Question 5

CLASSICAL EXTINCTION

Answer 5

Occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US.

Question 6

SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY

Answer 6

Often, an extinguished CR shows spontaneous recovery without additional pairing of the CS with the US.

Question 7

COGNITIVE THERAPY (Beck)

Answer 7

Attributes psychopathology to cognitive phenomena such as dysfunctional cognitive schemas, automatic thoughts, & cognitive distortions. CT is known as “collaborative empiricism” because it emphasizes a collaborative relationship btw client and therapist. Use Socratic questioning to help client’s reach logical conclusions about problems & consequences.

Question 8

DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT

Answer 8

differential reinforcements include DRA, DRO, & DRI and is an operant technique that combines positive reinforcement & extinction. The individual is reinforced when he engages in any other behavior except the target behavior.

Question 9

EYE MOVEMENT DESENSITIZATION AND RESPROCESSING

Answer 9

Originally developed for PTSD but has been applied to other disorders. It combines rapid eye movement with exposure and other techniques drawn from cognitive, behavioral, and psychodynamic approaches. Research shows it’s effective because of exposure to feared events or extinction.

Question 10

ESCAPE CONDITIONING

Answer 10

An application of negative reinforcement in which the target behavior is an escape behavior (organism engages in bx in order to escape negative reinforcement).

Question 11

AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING

Answer 11

Combines CC with negative reinforcement. A cue signals the negative reinforcer is about to be applied so the organism can avoid the negative reinforcer by performing the target bx in the presence of the cue.

Question 12

FUNCTIONAL BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT (FBA)

Answer 12

Used to clarify the characteristics of a target behavior & determine its antecedents & consequences in order to identify alternative bx that serves the same functions & treatment

Question 13

HIGHER ORDER CONDITIONING

Answer 13

Occurs when a previously established CS serves as a US to establish a conditioned response for a new conditioned NS, so eventually the NS produces a CR

Question 14

INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL

Answer 14

Consists of 3 separate & interacting stores: sensory memory, STM, and LTM. Sensory memory can hold a lot of info, but only for a few seconds. Info in sensory memory is moved to STM when it becomes center of attention. STM holds limited amount of info and w/out rehearsal fades w/in 30 secs. Info transferred from STM to LTM when it’s encoded, especially if using elaborate rehearsal. Capacity of LTM is unlimited.

Question 15

INSIGHT LEARNING (Kohler)

Answer 15

Refers to the apparent sudden understanding of the relationship between elements in a problem-solving situation, “aha experience”.

Question 16

INTERFERENCE THEORY

Answer 16

A theory that proposes the reason we can’t learn/remember info is due to disruptive effects of previously or subsequently learned info.

Question 17

RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE

Answer 17

Occurs when newly learned info interferes with the recall of previously learned info

Question 18

PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE

Answer 18

Occurs when previously learned info interferes with the recall of new info

Question 19

IN VIVO AVERSION THERAPY (CC)

Answer 19

a tx that utilizes counterconditioning to reduce the attractiveness of a stimulus or behavior by repeatedly pairing the stimulus/behavior in real life with a stimulus that produces an undesirable/unpleasant response.

Question 20

LATENT LEARNING (Tolman)

Answer 20

Proposes that learning can occur w/out reinforcement & without being manifested in performance improvement (rats in a maze).

Question 21

LAW OF EFFECT/THORNDIKE

Answer 21

Proposes that when behaviors are followed by “satisfying consequences”, the are more likely to occur again (cats in a puzzle box)

Question 22

LEARNED HELPLESSNESS/REFORMULATED VERSION

Answer 22

proposed that some forms of depression are due to the tendency to attribute negative events to internal, stable and global factors. Subsequent revision acknowledged the role of attributions but proposed they’re important only to the extent they contribute to a sense of hopelessness.

Question 23

LEVELS-OF-PROCESSING MODEL

Answer 23

proposes that different levels of memory are not due to different stores or stages but to different levels of processing.

Question 24

MATCHING LAW

Answer 24

When two or more organisms are concurrently being reinforced the organism will match its relative its frequency of response to the relative frequency of reinforcement for each response.

Question 25

METHOD OF LOCI

Answer 25

Visual memory mnemonic in which items to be remembered are mentally placed, one-by-one, in pre-memorized locations and recall involves mentally walking through and retrieving items.

Question 26

KEYWORD METHOD

Answer 26

Visual memory mnemonic and is useful for paired associate tasks in which two words must be linked together.

Question 27

ACRONYMS

Answer 27

Verbal mnemonics used for memorizing list of words or phrases. A word that’s formed using the first letter of each item.

Question 28

ACROSTIC

Answer 28

Verbal mnemonic for memorizing list of words or phrases. It’s a phrase or rhyme that is constructed from the first letter of each word.

Question 29

MULTIPLE COMPONENT MODEL (BADELEY & HITCH)

Answer 29

according to model, WM consists of 1) phonological loop, 2) visual-spatial scratch pad, 3) and the episodic buffer. The central executive is the main component of WM and serves as the attentional control system.

Question 30

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING (Bandura)

Answer 30

Theory predicts that bx can be acquired simply by observing someone else (a model) perform those bx. It is also cognitively mediated & involves four processes: attention, retention, production, and motivation. Participant modeling (guided participation and modeling) is the most effective observational learning. Self-efficacy is the primary source of motivation.

Question 31

OPERANT EXTINCTION

Answer 31

The extinction of previously reinforced responses by consistently withholding reinforcement following response.

Question 32

EXTINCTION BURST

Answer 32

In operant extinction there is an temporary increase in the response before extinction occurs

Question 33

OVERCORRECTION

Answer 33

Operant conditioning technique used to stop undesirable bx. It involves restitution (correcting consequences of bx) and/or positive practice (practicing corrective bx).

Question 34

OPERANT CONDITIONING (Skinner)

Answer 34

posits that bx are carried out or not based on reinforcement. Distinguished btw 2 types of consequences: reinforcement is a consequence that increases the likelihood that a bx will occur, while punishment will decrease a bx from occurring. Positive refers to the addition of a consequence following a bx and punishment refers to the withdrawal of a consequence following a bx.

Question 35

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

Answer 35

Occurs when the application of a stimulus following a bx increases the occurrence of the bx. Establishment of bx quickest with continuous reinforcement & maintained on a intermittent schedule (VR)

Question 36

THINNING

Answer 36

The process of reducing reinforcement in operant conditioning

Question 37

SATIATION

Answer 37

Occurs when the reinforcer loses its reinforcing value

Question 38

PREMACK PRINCIPAL

Answer 38

Application of positive reinforcement that involves using a high-frequency bx as a positive reinforcement for a low-frequency bx

Question 39

PROCEDURAL MEMORY

Answer 39

Part of LTM. It stores info about how to do things (learning how). Example, riding bike, driving a car

Question 40

DECLARATIVE MEMORY

Answer 40

Part of LTM. Mediates the acquisition of facts & other info and is subdivided into semantic and episodic. Semantic is memory of general knowledge (facts, rules, concepts) and episodic memory consists of memory of one’s personal experiences (wedding)

Question 41

PROMPTS

Answer 41

They are verbal or physical cues that facilitate the acquisition of a new bx

Question 42

FADING

Answer 42

The gradual removal of prompts is known as fading

Question 43

PROSPECTIVE MEMORY

Answer 43

A type of LTM and is responsible for the ability to remember things that are going to happen

Question 44

PUNISHMENT

Answer 44

Occurs when a reinforcement is taken away following a decrease in bx. A major disadvantage is that it suppresses rather than eliminates a bx.

Question 45

HABITUATION

Answer 45

Occurs when the punishment loses its effectiveness

Question 46

RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY (Ellis)

Answer 46

Proposes that emotions & behaviors are the consequences of a chain of events A-B-C. A is the activating event, B is the belief about event, and C is the emotion or behavioral consequence of B.

Question 47

RECIPROCAL INHIBITION (Welp)

Answer 47

Form of counter conditioning to alleviate anxiety reactions by pairing stimulus (CS) that produces anxiety with a stimulus (US) that produces relaxation or a response incompatible with anxiety.

Question 48

RESPONSE COST

Answer 48

A form of negative punishment and involves removing a reinforcer (taking away tokens) following a behavior in order to reduce or eliminate it.

Question 49

SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

Answer 49

1) continuous reinforcement: reinforcement provided following each performance of target bx
2) Fixed Interval (FI): reinforcing the organism for each predetermined interval of time in which it makes at least one response.
3) Variable Interval (VI):

Question 50

SELF CONTROL THERAPY (Rhem)

Answer 50

A type of brief therapy that assumes depression is results from deficits in 3 aspects of self-control and makes it hard to deal with depressive symptoms: self-monitoring, self-evaluation, & self-reinforcement.

Question 51

SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL TRAINING

Answer 51

A CB technique that teaches individuals to modify maladaptive thoughts & behaviors through the use of covert self-statements.

Question 52

SERIAL POSITION EFFECT

Answer 52

When people asked to memorize a list of unrelated words and then immediately recall it people tend to remember the words in the beginning and end. the primacy effect occurs because words in the beginning are in the LTM and the serial effect occurs because words at the end are still in the STM

Question 53

SHAPING VS CHAINING

Answer 53

Both used to establish complex voluntary behaviors. Shaping (successive approximation training) involves teaching a new bx through prompting & reinforcing bx that come closer and closer to the target bx. Chaining involves establishing a sequence of responses ( a behavior chain). In shaping, only the final bx matters, but in chaining, the entire sequence of responses is important.

Question 54

STATE DEPENDENT LEARNING

Answer 54

recall of info is better when the learner is in the same emotional state during learning and recall.

Question 55

STIMULUS CONTROL

Answer 55

In operant conditioning, stimulus control is the process by which a bx does not does not occur due to the presence of discriminative stimuli. Positive discriminant stimuli signal that the bx will be reinforced, while negative discriminative stimuli signal the behavior will not be reinforced.