Learning theory & Beh therapies

Question 1

3 types of interventions based on classical conditioning

Answer 1

1. Counterconditoning - reciprocal inhibition–> systematic desensitization
2. Aversive counterconditoning - aversion therapy and covert desensitization
3. Extinction - in-vivo exposure with response prevention

Question 2

Explain counterconditioning

Answer 2

Used to eliminate an undesirable response by pairing the stimulus that elicits that response with a stimulus that elicits an incompatible and more desirable response

Question 3

Reciprocal Inhibition

Answer 3

Wolpe - based on counterconditioning for anxiety and fear - pairing the stimulus that elicits these responses with stimuli that elicit relaxation which eventually replaces anxiety

Question 4

Systematic Desensitization was designed as an application of what?

Answer 4

Reciprocal inhibition

Question 5

Aversive Counterconditioning

Answer 5

Used to eliminate self-reinforcing behaviors such as substance or paraphilias

Effective but high relapse rates

Question 6

Aversion Therapy

Answer 6

A stimulus that elicits the self-reinforcing behavior is paired with a stimulus that elicits an unpleasant and incompatible response

Question 7

Covert Sensitization

Answer 7

Aversion therapy conducted via IMAGINATION

ex - smoker imagines nausea and vomiting when craving to smoke

Question 8

Operant conditioning is usually associated with ____ but initially broached by _____, who described which principle, which states what?

Answer 8

Skinner…..Thorndike…Law of Effect –> behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are strengthened and more likely to be repeated

Question 9

How did Skinner extend Thorndike’s work?

Answer 9

Distinguished between consequences that increase or decrease a behavior and consequences that are applied or withdrawn

Question 10

Presenting the CS before the US =

Answer 10

Forward delay conditioning…it’s the most effective

Question 11

Presenting US after the CS has ended =

Answer 11

Forward trace conditioning

Question 12

Presenting CS and US at the same time =

Answer 12

Forward simultaneous conditioning

Question 13

Presenting the CS after the US has already started =

Answer 13

Backward conditioning….ineffective

Question 14

Explain experimental neurosis

Answer 14

When you don’t know to generalize or discriminate

Question 15

Gamblers are reinforced on what schedule?

Answer 15

Variable ratio

Question 16

Name 2 issues with continuous reinforcement….describe and name a solution

Answer 16

Satiation occurs when reinforcer loses value and behavior easily extinguished once reinforcement stops…….switch to intermittent reinforcement – aka thinning

Question 17

3 types of interventions based on operant conditioning

Answer 17

1) interventions based on reinforcement
2) interventions based on punishment
3) interventions based on operant extinction

Question 18

Identify 2 interventions based on reinforcement and what principle are they based on?

Answer 18

1) Shaping and chaining, based on the premack principle

Question 19

Premack principle

Answer 19

A high frequency behavior is used to reinforce a low frequency behavior

Question 20

What else is shaping known as and describe it

Answer 20

Successive approximation conditioning…useful for complex behaviors

Question 21

What’s a classic shaping example and who created it?

Answer 21

Lovas….to get autistic children to communicate verbally…first they’d be reinforced when they imitated a simple sound made by the teacher…then reinforced for imitating a word uttered by the teacher…until they verbalized sentences

Question 22

Describe chaining and give an example

Answer 22

Used for reinforcement of complex behaviors with discrete responses that have to be ilnked together….like baking a cake

Question 23

Primary difference between shaping and chaining

Answer 23

Shaping = the final behavior is most important and it always moves forward

Chaining = Each behavior is important as each one relies on the previous one

Question 24

Techniques that rely on positive punishment

Answer 24

1) Physical discipline

2) Verbal reprimands

Question 25

What do positive punishment techinques tend to result in?

Answer 25

Suppression of behavior rather than eliminate and foster aggressive behavior….also, habituation - punishment loses effects cuz person gets used to it

Question 26

Techniques based on negative punishment

Answer 26

1) Response Cost

2) Time out

Question 27

Response cost =

Answer 27

Taking away a SPECIFIC SOURCE of positive reinforcement following an undesirable behavior (taking away phone due to disobeying)

Question 28

Time out =

Answer 28

Removing ALL SOURCES of positive reinforcement for a specific period of time following the targetted behavior

Question 29

Criticisms of positive and negative punishments and what technique aims to rectify that?

Answer 29

They do nothing to establish desirable behaviors….overcorrection

Question 30

Describe overcorrection and its phases

Answer 30

Practicing alternative behaviors as the penalty for engaging in the target behavior

Restitution Phase - Person corrects consequences of behavior (clean up messy room)

Positive Practice Phase - Practices appropriate behavior - clean up family room after done cleaning own room

Question 31

Intervention using operant extinction

Answer 31

Removing all reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior

Question 32

Problems with operant extinction

Answer 32

Exinction burst- temporary increase b4 decrease

Also, it eliminates a behavior wthout alternative ones - techinque for this is differential reinforcement

Question 33

Describe and give ex of differential reinforcement

Answer 33

Combination of positive reinforcement and extinction

ex-reinforce a child every 15 min she reads and doesn’t bite nails

Question 34

Insight learning

Answer 34

Gestalt therapist Kohler- - chimps in cages with sticks to get food

Question 35

Observational/Social learning theory, guided participation, and self-efficacy

Answer 35

Need 4 processes: Memory, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation
Treated phobics with modeling (known as guided participation) and their self-efficacy (beliefs about their own abilities) was important to progress

Question 36

1) Prompts
2) Fading
3) S Delta

Answer 36

1) Verbal/physical cues that facilitate the acquisition of a new behavior
2) Taking away a discriminative stimulus
3) usually reserved for situations you won’t get reinforced in

Question 37

Learned helplessness…abramsons new version

Answer 37

Seligman - depression related to uncontrollable negative events attributed to global, stable, and internal traits of those events…new version ascribes depression to hopelessness

Question 38

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 38

Bandura - three factors influence behavior: the environment, the individual, and the behavior itself

Question 39

Cognitive profile

Answer 39

the triad…self, world, and future

Question 40

Because of its collaborative approach, cognitive therapy is based on

Answer 40

Collaborative empiricism

Question 41

1) Treating Raynaud’s disease

2) Treating migraines

Answer 41

1) Thermal biofeedback

2) Thermal biofeedback + autogenic training

Question 42

Stress inoculation Processes

Answer 42

1) cognitive preparation
2) skills acquisiton and rehearsal
3) application and follow-through

Question 43

Self-instructional training and 5 steps:

Answer 43

CBT technique for hyperactive kids

1) Cognitive Modeling - model does all
2) Cognitive Participant modeling - pt does all except talk
3) Overt-Self Instruction - pt does all and talks aloud
4) Fading Overt-Self Instruction - pt does all and whispers
5) Covert Self-Instruction - pt does all and covertly repeats instructions

Question 44

Matching law

Answer 44

Using two concurrent schedules of reinforcement for a different response…the organism will adjuts to each reinforcer accordingly

Question 45

Latent learning

Answer 45

Attributed to Tolman who used cognitive maps in rats to show learning can occur w/o reinforcement

Question 46

Blocking

Answer 46

when the CS blocks an association between a second NS and the US when the CS and the 2NS are presented together prior to the US

Question 47

Lewinsohn Behavioral model

Answer 47

Attributes depression to low rate of response-contingent reinforcement due to inadequate reinforcing stimuli

Question 48

Self-Control Therapy (Rhem) and its three aspects

Answer 48

Brief and usually group format:

1) Self-Monitoring
2) Self-Evaluation
3) Self-Reinforcement

Question 49

Thought stopping and covert assertion

Answer 49

Yelling “stop” when unwanted thoughts are present followed by making alternative self-statements

Question 50

Attribution retraining

Answer 50

Seligman - learning to attribute success to stable, global, and internal traits and failures to unstable, specific, and external traits

Question 51

Guided participation and self-efficacy is attributed to what theory and whom?

Answer 51

social learning/observational learning…bandura

Question 52

behaviorist vs cognitive-behaviorist view on the cause of depression

Answer 52

beh - not enough reinforcement in the environment

cog-beh - maladaptive thinking