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CPDT-KA Test! > Learning Theory > Flashcards

Learning Theory Flashcards

1
Q

What is Learning?

A

A change in behavior that lasts a long period of time.

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2
Q

What is Latent Learning?

A

Learning that occurs during a nonreinforced trial and remains unused until the introduction of a reinforcee provides incentive for using it.

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3
Q

What is Performance?

A

The doing of a behavior. Doesn’t necessarily mean something was learned.

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4
Q

What are the 4 stages of learning?

A

Acquisition
Fluency
Generalization
Maintenance

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5
Q

Describe the Acquisition stage of learning.

A

Dog learns that the behavior taught is valuable. This is the stage to get the EXACT behavior and then add a CUE. If dog makes a mistake ignore it or make it easier for them to succeed.

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6
Q

Describe the Fluency stage of learning.

A

Dog automatically gives the behavior without being prompted. Add in the 3D’s - Duration, Distance, Distractions.

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7
Q

Describe the Generalization stage of learning.

A

Dog learns behavior is the behavior no matter where, when, how the command is given. Begin cueing behavior outside of formal training sessions. Dog learns that not responding has consequences - namely they don’t get what they want.

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8
Q

Describe the Maintenance stage of learning.

A

Dog can perform behavior 90-100% of the time. Throughout life time might have to remind how to perform command.

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9
Q

Describe Classical Conditioning.

A

Also known as Pavlovian Conditioning. (Basic learning) learning things go together. CS predicts an UCS and causes a Conditioned response.

Pavlov demonstrated how a neutral stimulus could become meaningful followed by something that elicits a natural response.

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10
Q

Describe Operant Conditioning.

A 
AKA Skinner Conditioning (My behavior has a consequence). Using consequence manipulation to increase or decrease the frequency of a particular behavior. 
Discriminative stimulus (cue)-response-consequence
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11
Q

What is Conditioning?

A

This is learning.

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12
Q

What is a Primary Reinforcer?

A

Anything the dogs likes naturally. Ex- food, toys.

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13
Q

What is a Secondary Reinforcer?

A

A reinforced that is associated with the primary reinforcer and becomes important to the dog. Ex- clicker.

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14
Q

What is Positive Reinforcement?

A

Adding a [desirable] stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior.

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15
Q

What is Negative Reinforcement?

A

Removing an [aversive] stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior.

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16
Q

What is Positive Punishment?

A

Adding an [aversive] stimulus to decrease the frequency of a behavior.

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17
Q

What is Negative Punishment?

A

Removing a [desirable] stimulus to reduce the frequency of a behavior.

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18
Q

What is Single Event Learning?

A

Learning that occurs when something happens that is not related to anything else. Stimulus causes a response.

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19
Q

Orienting Response

A

The behavior of turning head and attention to new voice or visual stimulus.

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20
Q

What is Habituation?

A

Repeated exposure to an object or situation (stimulus) to decrease or eliminate dogs response to stimulus.

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21
Q

What is desensitization?

A

Process in which the repeated exposure to a stimulus diminishes the emotional responsiveness.

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22
Q

When would you use desensitization?

A

To modify deep seated fears, excitement, or aggressiveness.

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23
Q

What are 3 steps to Desensitization?

A

1- encourage relaxation through various types of exercises.
2- expose dog to stimulus while gradually increasing intensity of exposure.
3- counter conditioning. Pairing something the dog likes with the problem.

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24
Q

What is Sensitization?

A

Repeated exposure to stimulus becomes stronger when stimulus is shown repeatedly. (opposite of Habituation)

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25
Q

What is Stimulus Generalization?

A

Tendency for conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after response has been conditioned.

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26
Q

What is Stimulus Control?

A

We can accurately predict desirable outcome for a behavior under Stimulus control.

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27
Q

What is Learned Irrelevance?

A

Learning to ignore things with no meaning.

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28
Q

What is a Continuous Reinforcement Schedule?

A

Every occurrence of response is rewarded. Best for teaching a new behavior.

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29
Q

What is a Partial/Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule?

A

Reward the dog sometimes. Great for maintaining learned behaviors. Behaviors are more resistant to extinction. Subtypes: Variable and Ratio.

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30
Q

Describe a Fixed Ratio reinforcement schedule.

A

There is a set amount of times the behavior has to occur before being rewarded. Regardless of how much time has passed. Great for learning something new but you don’t want to reinforce every occurance.

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31
Q

A dog is rewarded after every 5 sits. What reinforcement schedule is this?

A

Fixed Ratio

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32
Q

Describe a Variable Ratio reinforcement schedule.

A

Response is rewarded after an unpredictable (to the dog) number of responses. Creates a steady high rate of responding. It’s a gamble you never know which behavior will be a winner.

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33
Q

A dog is rewarded after every rollover. What reinforcement schedule is this?

A

Continuous reinforcement schedule.

34
Q

Everytime you call your dog to their bowl they get a meal. What reinforcement schedule is this?

A

Continuous reinforcement schedule.

35
Q

Fixed vs Variable

A

Fixed = set amount of times behavior occurs or amount of time that passes before rewarding.

Variable = a random number of times a behaviour has to occur, or amount of time that passes. (average amount)

36
Q

Interval vs Ratio

A 
Interval = amount of time that passes 
Ratio = occurance of the behavior itself
37
Q

Describe a Fixed Interval reinforcement schedule.

A

Dog is reinforced for performing behavior after a set amount of time has passed. It doesn’t matter how many times dog performs the behavior. Rates of response can be poor since there is no incentive to do extra work - receives the same reward regardless.

38
Q

Dog is learning down stay. You reward every 5 seconds dog stays in position. If 5 seconds have passed and she is still down she gets the reward. Everytime the behavior is reinforced the time starts over again. What reinforcement schedule is this?

A

Fixed Interval

39
Q

Describe a Variable Interval reinforcement schedule.

A

Dog is reinforced for performing the behavior after a random (to the dog) amount of time has passed. It doesn’t matter how many times she performs the behavior. Rate of response is moderate and steady as there is no letting when the period of reinforcement has begun.

40
Q

Dog is working on a sit stay. You wait for 1s → reward, wait for 3s → reward, wait for 7s→reward, wait for 4s→reward, wait for 5s→reward. Twenty-five seconds have passed, with five incidences of reinforcement. Therefore, reinforcement has occurred every five seconds on average. What reinforcement schedule is this an example of?

A

Variable Interval

41
Q

What is Post Reinforcement Pause?

A

A dip in performance on a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule. Once dog figures out reinforcement schedule and their rate of response drops because they know the next reinforcement won’t come for awhile.

42
Q

What reinforcement schedule describes one treat for the first correct response within a certain period of time?

A

Fixed Interval

43
Q

What is an Antecedent?

A

Something that occurs directly before a behavior and plays a role in causing the behavior.

44
Q

Which reinforcement schedule delivers reinforcement depending on how quickly the response followed the last response? (Increasing the use of the behavior)

A

Differential Reinforcement of High Rates (DRH)

45
Q

An anti bark device spits out a treat every 10 minutes so long as the dog isn’t barking. What reinforcement schedule is this?

A

Fixed interval

46
Q

Which reinforcement schedule reinforces any behavior that is not the behavior we are “training out”?

A

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)

47
Q

Which reinforcement schedule reinforces only for behaviors what counter, or are specifically incompatible with the behavior that’s being “trained out”?

A

Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)

48
Q

Which reinforcement schedule delivers reinforcement depending on how slowly the response follows the last response? (decreasing the use of the behavior)

A

Differential Reinforcement Low response rate (DRL)

49
Q

Which reinforcement schedule only reinforces quality responses (speed, accuracy, specific location, position, etc.)?

A

Reinforcement of Excellent Behavior (DRE)

50
Q

Stimulus control (4 conditions)

A

1- Always performs the behavior on cue.
2- Never performs a different behavior on the cue.
3- Never performs a behavior in the absence of the cue.
4- Never performs behavior to a different cue.

51
Q

What Variables affect reinforcement.

A

Contingency- degree of correlation between behavior and consequence.
Contiguity- interval between the behavior and reinforcer.

52
Q

Salience

A

Discriminative stimulus that is very noticeable tends to get the most attention of the dog.

53
Q

Overshadowing

A

Stimuli that are not noticeable by dog because there are more salient stimuli around. Salient stimuli overshadows many other stimuli.

54
Q

Blocking

A

Stimulus is disregarded if presented with an already salient and established stimuli.

55
Q

Why should you introduce a new cue before the lure and not with it.

A

Blocking- new cue can be disregarded if the lure is more salient.

56
Q

What is discrimination?

A

The ability to choose between 2 or more things.

57
Q

What is experimental neurosis?

A

The outcome of a dog forced to perform a discrimination that is no longer possible.

58
Q

What is extinction and why does it happen?

A

The behavior is degraded until it is no longer offered. Typically what happens when the rewards aren’t rewarding. This is not unlearning.

59
Q

What is Spontaneous Recovery?

A

A behavior that happens after it was allegedly extinct.

60
Q

Your dog begs at the table and you always end up giving in and feeding your dog a bit of food when your dog starts pawing at you because you think it is cute. This begging behavior is reinforced by the food you give. If you suddenly stop giving food one day, your dog will likely continue begging for some time, but since you are no longer “feeding” the behavior, your dog will eventually start giving up and the behavior may eventually reduce and extinguish over time. This is an example of what?

A

A Extinction Burst.

61
Q

Escape/avoidance response

A

The dog engages in certain behavior in order to escape or avoid aversive response. Can be signaled or unsignaled. Response to -R or +P.

62
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

If the aversive doesn’t follow a signal or dog is not allowed to escape the dog will lay down and become immobile once it learns there is nothing it can do to stop the aversive from happening.

63
Q

What learning model builds a behavior via successive approximations and criteria shifts; building a behavior using small steps?

A

Shaping

64
Q

What are the Pros and Cons of Shaping?

A

P- great way to get complex behaviors and behavior chains, the end behavior is strongest because the dog makes the choice

C- time consuming, must be slow enough to keep learner with you

65
Q

Which learning model catches and reinforces a spontaneous performance of behavior?

A

Capturing.

66
Q

What are the pros and cons of capturing?

A

P- can be a great way to increase the likelihood of a behavior so that shaping is easier

C- one must be ready to capture the behavior even if it’s not in a planned training session

67
Q

Which learning model manipulates the environment in a way that makes the dog do the behavior. There can be visual prompts or lures.

A

Luring/prompting

68
Q

What are the pros and cons of Luring?

A

P- easy way to get behaviors, and builds in a visual cue

C- can create a dog that is dependent on the presence of food to perform behaviors (fade it out).

69
Q

Chaining

A

Method of teaching a complex behavior. Each behavior signals another behavior that eventually signals a reward. Backwards chaining is usually the most effective.

70
Q

Which learning model uses physical guidance to put the dog into position or create a behavior?

A

Modeling

71
Q

What are the pros and cons of modeling?

A

P- can be helpful for a stoic dog who isn’t offering behaviors

C- dog isn’t learning, can be dependent on physical contact, and can be seen as aversive which poisons the cue

72
Q

What method of training occurs where the trainer does something and then cues the dogs to copy what they just did?

A

Do as I do

73
Q

Methods used to turn a -CER to a +CER

A

Counterconditioning and Desensitization

74
Q

Flooding response

A

Process in which a fear causing stimulus is shown in a full blown way with no way to escape. Can sometimes work but is unethical and usually causes more harm.

75
Q

Punishment Callus

A

This occurs when using punishment as primary mode of communication. Punishment needs to be increased each time to discourage further repetition of behavior.

76
Q

Humane Hierarchy of Training

A

Dr. Susan Friedman Model in which training methods are ranked from least invasive to most invasive.

77
Q

Humane Hierarchy 6 levels

A 
1- Health/nutrition 
2- antecedent arrangements
3- +R
4- Differential Reinforcement of alternative behaviors
5- extinction, -R, -P
6- +P
78
Q

What are the order of operations for operant learning?

A

Antecedent > Behavior > Consequences

79
Q

Stimulus and response are discussed in what type of learning?

A

Classical conditioning.

80
Q

How does classical conditioning work?

A

A neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to create a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response

CPDT-KA Test! (3 decks)

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