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CPDT-KA Exam Study > Learning Theory > Flashcards

Learning Theory Flashcards

1
Q

What is an unconditioned Stimulus

A

A stimulus (such as the sight or smell of food) will trigger a response without prior learning.

For example, food is an unconditioned stimulus because it naturally causes a dog to salivate

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2
Q

What is a conditioned Stimulus?

A

A stimulus that was previously neutral (such as a clicker, marker, or bell) that becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus and triggers a learned response.

For example, a clicker that is clicked before presenting food to a dog.

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3
Q

Extinction

A
  • The disappearance of a previously learned behaviour.
    -Learned behavior is no longer displayed
    -Reinforcement stops
  • Often associated with operant conditioning
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4
Q

What is an example of extinction?

A
  • providing a chew toy to a puppy who is biting
    -Removing your attention from the puppy who is biting
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5
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Unexpected reemergence of a previously extinct behavior or response.

Return of a previously extinct behaviour after a period of rest.

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6
Q

A, B C model of learning

A

Antecedent (cue a sit)
Behavior (dog sits)
Consequence (dog gets cookie)

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7
Q

Provide an example of the A,B,C of learning

A

A - Cue to sit
B - Dog sits
C - Dog receives a treat

The dog’s behavior is being reinforced and is more likely to repeat

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8
Q

What is Negative Reinforcement (-R)

A

Results when the removal of a stimulus increases the behaviour (taking something away).

Negative means removing something - to increase.

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9
Q

What is positive reinforcement (+R)

A

Results when the addition of a stimulus increases the occurrence of behaviour

Dog is given a treat (positive) to increase behaviour

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10
Q

What is an example of Positive Reinforcement +R

A

A dog sitting and receiving a click/treat

Person goes to work and gets paid

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11
Q

What is an example of -P

A

A trainer standing on a dog’s leash, releasing the pressure only when the dog lies down

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12
Q

What is positive punishment (+P)

A

Results when the addition of a stimulus decreases the occurrence of a behaviour

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13
Q

What is an example of Positive Punishment (+P)

A

A trainer squirting a dog with a spray bottle, or shaking a can of rocks

A trainer delivering a “correction” while the dog is on leash

Parent spanking a child

Electric fence makes a beeping noise that results in an electric stimulation if the dog goes to close to the boundary. The beeping noise was neutral, until he was conditioned to pair it with electric stimulation.

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14
Q

What is negative punishment (-P)

A

Results when the removal of a stimulus decreases the occurrence of a behavior

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15
Q

What is an example of negative punishment (-P)

A

A person turning their back on a dog that jumps

Taking away a lollipop from a child

Stopping walking forward with a dog that is pulling

Taking away a toy

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16
Q

What is a reinforcer?

A

Any stimulus that will reinforce or increase a dogs behavior

The learner decides what is reinforcing (example, high value treats)

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17
Q

What are the two types of reinforcers?

A

Primary

Secondary reinforcers

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18
Q

What is a primary reinforcer?

A

anything that is biologically important to the survival of the animal.

Food, water, sleep, access to friends, touch, pleasure, or even access to friends, to reliving oneself.

Also called unconditioned reinforcers

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19
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer?

A

any stimulus which becomes rewarding when paired with a primary or other reinforcing stimulus.

Not important to survival. Conditioned to have a value. The sound of a clicker predicts food, so the clicker becomes a reinforcer.

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20
Q

What are the different reinforcement schedules?

A

Continuous Reinforcement schedule (CRF)

Partial Intermittent Reinforcement schedule (includes: Fixed interval (FI), Variable Interval (VI), Fixed Ratio (FR), Variable Ratio (VR))

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21
Q

Do we use operant or classical for teaching new tasks?

A

New tasks we lean more on operant but classical always comes along for the ride

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22
Q

What is a continuous reinforcement scheduled? (CRF)

A

Every correct behavior that aligns with criteria receives reinforcement.

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23
Q

What schedule of reinforcement do you use to teach a new behavior

A

Continuous - learning how to sit

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24
Q

What schedule of reinforcement do you use when the behavior is learned?

A

Variable - not every response receives the reward

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25
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

-Consequences to shape behavior
-B.F. Skinner, physologist, theroist
-Good stuff happens; increased behaviour (R+)
-Good stuff stops; decreased behaviour (P-)
-Bad stuff happens; decreased behavior (P+)
-Bad stuff stops; increased behaviour (R-)
-Main tool for shaping behaviour
-Founded on Thorndike’s law of effect
-ABC’s of learning

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26
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

-Ivan Pavlov
-Stimuli invokes responses (Leash jingle)
-About anticipation
-Deals with involuntary responses triggered by associates
-Bell = food
-The bell develops a positive response
-Assuming we pair this with pleasant things like food or play
-Classical always intertwines with operant because we are always molding the emotional states
-Desenization, counter conditioning, pattern games
-Helps address emotional states

27
Q

Explain partial or intermittent schedule of reinforcement

A

Not every correct response will receive a reward.

28
Q

What is an example of negative reinforcement

A

Play sound to get students to quiet

Standing on a leash, releasing pressure when dog lies down

The dog makes the bad thing go away

29
Q

Skinner box is also known as

A

Operant box

30
Q

What is Differential Reinforcement?

A

Differential reinforcement is defined as reinforcing specific desired behaviors while withholding reinforcement for other possibly undesired behavior. For example, if the intent is to get your dog to sit on the verbal cue “sit”, the dog will only be reinforced when he sits on cue. For any other responses, he receives no reinforcement, positive or negative.

31
Q

What are the four forms of differential reinforcement?

A

DRI: Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible behavior

DRA: Differential Reinforcement of Alternative behavior

DRO: Differential Reinforcement of Other behavior

DRL: Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates

32
Q

What is DRI?

A

DRI: Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible behavior

DRI involves only reinforcing behaviors that are incompatible with the problem behavior while ensuring there is no reinforcement for the problem behavior. With DRI, only behaviors that cannot occur simultaneously with the problem behavior are reinforced.

33
Q

What is an example of DRI - Differential Reinforcement of an Incompatible Behaviour

A

Teaching a dog to bring something to you rather than guard it or playing keep-away.

34
Q

What would you do with a dog who is a natural chaser and wants to play keep-away/chase-me with toys

A

Never show any interest in the object. You need to control both food and the ability to make the object come to life again with your throw. - This would be shaping.

You can also put keep-away on cue - I’m going to GET you! Don’t forget a release cue “Break”

35
Q

Dog training Maxim

A

Control the games/reinforce, control the dog

36
Q

How to tell traditional obedience training

A

1) A special collar is placed on the dog
2) praise is often considered adequate reinforcement
3) Pack theory gets thrown around alot

37
Q

What questions should you ask if a dog is not understanding the cue

A

1) WHAT: does he know what the cue means and is it generalized to the context given
2) WHY: has the trainer supplied adequate motivation (i.e., is there a strong history of reinforced responses to the cue
3) OTHER OPTIONS: is the behaviour proofed against competing motivation

38
Q

What is an example of DRI?

A

An owner wants to address the problem behavior of her dog jumping on people. She decides her dog sitting when greeting people is an incompatible behavior ie. when the dog is sitting, he cannot jump on people. The dog only receives reinforcement for sitting when greeting people. While the dog is standing or jumping, reinforcement is withheld.

39
Q

What is DRA?

A

DRA: Differential Reinforcement of Alternative behavior

DRA involves reinforcing a viable alternative for the problem behavior. The viable alternative may not be necessarily incompatible with the problem behavior.

40
Q

What is an example of DRA?

A

Using the sit example, the owner decides to reinforce the dog bringing a toy to the guests as an alternative. Bringing a toy is an alternative to the jumping but the dog can still jump while having a toy in his mouth.

41
Q

What is DRO?

A

DRO: Differential Reinforcement of Other behavior

DRO involves providing reinforcement whenever the problem behavior does not occur during a predetermined amount of time.

42
Q

What is an example of DRO?

A

Using the jumping scenario, the owner would reinforce the absence of a jump for 10 seconds. If the dog jumps within the 10 seconds, the owner resets the mental clock and repeats the procedure. Gradually the time period increases as success is met.

43
Q

What is DRL?

A

DRL: Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates

DRL is used to reduce the frequency of a behavior but not eliminate it. DRL is typically reserved for behaviors that are acceptable to the owner but may not occur often. Using this procedure, reinforcement is delivered if a behavior occurs below a predetermined criteria.

44
Q

What is an example of DRL?

A

Using the example of a dog greeting people, our dog is now not jumping on people but is still demanding too much attention from them. The dog is sitting upon greeting but continues to perform a sit in front of the visitor. The owner decides to reinforce a sit if the dog approaches and asks for interaction from the visitor 5 or fewer times in a half an hour period. If the dog approaches and asks the visitor for interaction more than five times, he receives no reinforcement.

45
Q

What are the 4 main types of intermittent reinforcement schedules?

A

Fixed Interval (FI)
Variable Interval (VI)
Fixed Ratio (FR)
Variable Ratio (VR

46
Q

What does Fixed Interval refer to?

A

Fixed-interval (FI)
A behavior is reinforced after a specific predicatble amount of time.

This is the least productive one.

47
Q

What is an example of Fixed Interval?

A

A dog is rewarded after holding a sit/stay

48
Q

What does Variable Interval refer to?

A

Variable-interval (VI)
A behaviour is rewarded after an unpredictiable amount of time as elapsed.

49
Q

What is an example of Variable Interval?

A

The dog may be rewarded for holding a sit stay for 5 seconds, followed by holding it for 8 seconds, followed by 3 seconds (Think Ping Pong)

50
Q

What is a Fixed Ratio Schedule?

A

Fixed Ratio (FR)
Behaviour is rewarded after a set amount of responses

51
Q

What is an example of a Fixed Ratio?

A

The dog must sit 3 times to get rewarded

52
Q

What is a Variable Ratio reinforcement?

A

When a behaviour is rewarded, after an unknown or unpredictable number of responses

53
Q

What is an example of Variable Ratio?

A

The dog must sit twice, then three times, then 2 times.

(This is what is used in gambling) - It is most resistant to extinction

54
Q

What is a punisher?

A

Any stimulus that will decrease or weaken a behaviour from happening.

Animals will work to avoid a punisher. Any behaviour that is punished is not forgotten. It can return.

55
Q

What is an example of a punisher?

A

Head collar

Beeping noise of a e-collar

Electronic fence

56
Q

How do we get dogs to offer behaviour?

A

-Prompting - this included visual signals or physical assitance to elicit a behaviour.

We are trying to draw out the behaviour rather than having them perform it on their own.

Includes:
-Lure (i.e., food).
-Physical
-Visual
-Unintentional prompts
-Body blocking (using your body to block the dog)

57
Q

What does fading the lure mean?

A
  • we want to fade out the prompt (the lure) as quickly as possible
  • say the cue, wait 3 seconds, add the lure.
58
Q

What is shaping

A

-Used for more complex behaviours
-Break down the behaviour to smaller steps, and reward each steps until the dog performs the goal behaviour
-When you get closer to the desired behaviour, you don’t reward the others.

59
Q

What is an example of shaping?

A

If you want the dog to pur their feet up on a platform:
-Reward every small approximation such as looking at, standing next to, sniffing, one paw on, two paw on.

-Down - reward for looking at the floor, but in air, full but down.

60
Q

What is Chaining?

A

-You link together a particular order of behaviours

61
Q

What are the two kinds of chaining?

A

Forward chaining and back-chaining

Forward chaining - the first behaviour is taught first
Back chaining - the last behaviour is taught last

62
Q

What is an example of chaining?

A

Fetching a ball
-Dog looks at ball, gets ball, returns back to you, and puts the ball down in front of you.

63
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Stimulus discrimination

64
Q

What is generalization?

A

When a dog learns a behaviour in one situation and can perform in other situations.

Sit at home, the yard, the vet, the training school, etc.

CPDT-KA Exam Study (2 decks)

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