learning theories studies

Question 1

classical conditioning study

Answer 1

Pavlov s experiment with salivation in dogs 1927

Question 2

Pavlov aim and hypothesis

Answer 2

he wanted to find out if a refexive behaviour (salivation) can be produced in new situations through learning . in particular , he wanted to see is associating a reflex with a neutral stmulis ( a soon) causes learning to take place , producing a conditioned behaviour in new situations
hey felt that this would mean new pathways were being formed in the cerebral cortex .

Question 3

pavlov sample

Answer 3

35 dog breeds raised in kennels in the lab

Question 4

pavlov procedure

Answer 4

• pavlov places each dog in a sealed room with didn’t allow the dog to see hear or smell anything - to control exstannous variables
• the dog was stopped to a harness to stop it from moving around and its moth was linked to a tue that drained saliva away in a measuring bottle

1.before conditioning - food (unconditioned stimulus) ——> salivation ( unconditioned response )

2. before conditioning - metronome buzzer or tunning fork ( neutral stimulus ) —–> no salivation ( nuetral or no conditioned response)
3. during conditioning - neutral stimulus + unconditioned stimulus ——> salivation conditions response
4. after conditioning - tuning fork or metronome buzzer ( conditions stimulus) —-> salivation ( conditioned response

usually repeated around 20 times

Question 5

pavlov results

Answer 5

• confirmed that dogs did learn to associate sound with food and therefore would begin to salivate
• where metronome was used - salivation started 9 seconds after hearing metronome and by 45 seconds had produced 11 drops of saliva
• other results indicated that secondary conditioning was possible - metronome experiment - could also salivate to sound of a buzzer
  _ not all dogs were the same

Question 6

pavlov conclusions

Answer 6

able to conclude that environmental stimuli that previously had no relation to the reflex action could through repeated pairings trigger a salvation response
therefore through a process of associative learning (conditioning) the conditioned stimulus leads to a conditioned response - a new behaviour is learnt

Question 7

pavlov evaluation
generalisability

Question 8

pavlov evaluation
reliability

Question 9

pavlov evaluation
applications

Question 10

pavlov evaluation
internal validity

Question 11

pavlov evaluation
ecological validity

Question 12

pavlov evaluation
ethics