LEARNING THEORIES AND STYLES Flashcards
also known as behaviorism, is a psychological approach that focuses
on observable behaviors and how they are learned through conditioning.
Behavioral theory
_____ identified a fundamental associative learning process called
classical conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov
refers to learning that occurs when a
neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that
naturally produces a behavior (e.g., salivation).
Classical conditioning
posited that learning
occurrs through the process of reinforcing an appropriate voluntary response to a
stimulus in the environment.
B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
removes a consequence or stimulus
that the person doesn’t like, in the hope of increasing the desirable behavior.
Negative reinforcement,
an added stimulus designed to decrease a behavior.
Positive punishment
taking something away that the
child wants.
negative punishment
developed the Social Cognitive Theory based on the concept that learning
is affected by cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors
Albert Bandura
Bandura posited that the process of observational learning was governed by four key
aspects:
attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
a process in which people
selectively observe and extract information from ongoing modeled activities
attention
act of performing the actual behavior that was observed.
reproduction
a process of “transforming and restructuring information in the form
of rules and conceptions” and store the information into memory.
retention
propels the learner to attention, practice and retention.
motivation
emphasizes that observational learning is not a simple
imitative process; human beings are the agents or managers of their own behaviors
Social Cognitive Theory
the concept that learners make an intentional decision to invest in
learning and enact behavior change
human agency
Social Cognitive Theory identifies
three modes of human agency:
personal, proxy, and collective
refers to self-generated thoughts, feelings, and actions that are planned
and cyclically adapted to the attainment of personal goals
self regulation
a central role in the self-regulation process. It concerns an individual’s
belief in their capabilities to successfully control actions or events in their lives.
Self-efficacy
emphasizes the importance of designing instruction that
aligns with the specific learning outcomes desired.
Gagné’s Conditions of Learning
related to experience. More specifically, it’s about the
different ways that students experience the learning process and their various stages of
experiencing the material, from encountering a new factoid to being totally experienced in the
subject at hand.
Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory
This is when the learner comes across a new experience or
unfamiliar situation, like a weird-sounding word or a math problem that PEMDAS won’t solve.
Concrete Experience a.k.a. Feeling.
The student ponders the strangeness of the new
experience. This is the key step on the path from experience to understanding.
Reflective Observation a.k.a. Watching.
“a modification of an existing abstract concept,”
Abstract Conceptualization a.k.a. Thinking.
This is when the learner applies that genius idea spawned
in Step 3 to the problem that needs a-solving.
Active Experimentation a.k.a. Doing.
is a notion or study that examines how adults learn and how they
vary from children.
Adult Learning Theory
