learning theories

Question 1

What is Operant Conditioning according to Skinner?

Answer 1

Trial and Error learning

The performer develops a relationship between a stimulus and a response, known as the stimulus-response bond.

Question 2

Define stimulus in the context of Operant Conditioning.

Answer 2

A stimulus is a signal that prompts a response.

Any information that enters the body via the sensory system, e.g. a ball coming towards you

Question 3

What is a response in Operant Conditioning?

Answer 3

A response is the action taken in reaction to a stimulus.

An action, e.g. attempting to catch the ball

Question 4

How does practice affect learning in Operant Conditioning?

Answer 4

Makes the stimulus-response bond stronger

Practice reinforces learning, making it more permanent.

Question 5

List the key features of Operant Conditioning.

Answer 5

• Based on trial and error
• Shapes behavior
• Manipulates the environment

These features highlight the process of learning through consequences.

Question 6

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 6

A pleasant stimulus after the correct response that increases the probability of repeating behavior

It strengthens the behavior and the stimulus-response bond.

Question 7

Provide an example of positive reinforcement.

Answer 7

A hockey player receives praise from the coach after executing the correct penalty flick technique

Praise acts as a positive stimulus that encourages the behavior.

Question 8

Define negative reinforcement.

Answer 8

Taking away an unpleasant stimulus after the correct response

It strengthens behavior by removing a negative condition.

Question 9

How does punishment function in Operant Conditioning?

Answer 9

Gives an unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions from happening again

Punishment weakens behavior and the stimulus-response bond.

Question 10

True or False: Punishment can create resentment and anger.

Answer 10

True

This is an important consideration when using punishment as a behavioral modification technique.

Question 11

What conclusion did Skinner draw about conditioning?

Answer 11

‘Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences’

This highlights the importance of reinforcements and punishments in learning.

Question 12

What is Bandura’s Observational Learning/Social Learning Theory?

Answer 12

We learn by observing others, known as observational learning or modeling

This theory emphasizes the role of social reinforcement in learning.

Question 13

What role does demonstration play in Bandura’s theory?

Answer 13

It is the main learning tool used to teach behaviors

Demonstration facilitates the process of modeling.

Question 14

What is modeling in the context of social learning?

Answer 14

Learning by demonstration or changing behavior to imitate observed behaviors

It involves vicarious experiences that influence one’s actions.

Question 15

Fill in the blank: Most sports skills are taught through _______.

Answer 15

demonstration

This method is prevalent in coaching and teaching physical skills.

Question 16

What is the first process in Bandura’s observational learning?

Answer 16

Demonstration of the skill by a significant other.

Question 17

What is the second process in Bandura’s observational learning?

Answer 17

Attention

The observer must pay attention to the relevant cues in the demonstration.

Question 18

What factors affect attention in observational learning?

Answer 18

Models must be attractive, successful, powerful, and someone you respect.

Question 19

What is the third process in Bandura’s observational learning?

Answer 19

Retention

The observer must remember the model’s performance and create a mental picture.

Question 20

How can retention be improved?

Answer 20

Through repeated demonstrations and mental rehearsal.

Question 21

What is the fourth process in Bandura’s observational learning?

Answer 21

Motor reproduction

This refers to the attempt by the learner to copy the modelled skill.

Question 22

What factors should be considered in motor reproduction?

Answer 22

Demonstrations should match the capabilities of the learner, and the learner must be physically able to replicate the skill.

Question 23

What is the fifth process in Bandura’s observational learning?

Answer 23

Motivation

Learners tend to imitate what they are interested in.

Question 24

How does the status of the model affect motivation?

Answer 24

The status of the model can increase motivation to imitate, especially if the model is a top performer.

Question 25

What is the sixth process in Bandura’s observational learning?

Answer 25

Matching performance

If the previous stages are carried out correctly, the original demonstration will be matched.