Learning Theories Flashcards
relatively permanent change in thinking, emotional functioning, skill, and/or behavior as a result of experience
Process by which individuals gain new knowledge or skills and change their thoughts, feelings, attitudes and actions
allows individuals to adapt to demands and changing circumstances which is crucial in healthcare
Learning
logical framework describing, explaining, or predicting how people learn
Learning theory
(Learning theory)
Learning is the result of connections made between the stimulus conditions in the environment (S) and the individual’s responses (R) that follow
Closely observe a person’s responses to the environment
Behaviorist
Behaviorist theory is aka_______
S-R Model of learning
What does the behaviorist theory focus on: (3)
Learners drives
External factors
Reinforcement’s
Teachers role in the behaviorist theory (4)
Assess conditions in the environment that lead to specific responses,
Effectively manipulate conditions
Provide appropriate reinforcement
Strengthen connection bet stimuli & env
(Learning theory)
Not considering other factors and emotions
Focuses on what goes on inside the mind of the learner
Cognitive
Is rewarding necessary in the cognitive LT?
No
Main motivator for learning in the cognitive learning theory
Curiosity
Learner’s goals and expectations
Teachers role in cognitive LT
Assess learner’s developmental stage goals and expectations,
Foster curiosity (imbalance)
Organize learning experiences and make them
meaningful
● Keep learning simple and at an appropriate level
Determine how the child learns best
(Perspective in Cog LT)
Emphasizes importance of perception in learning
● Laid the groundwork for other cognitive perspectives that followed
● Refers to the configuration or patterned organization of cognitive elements → reflects maxim “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts”
● Knowing about how certain specifics work together
Gestalt
(Perspective)
Emphasizes thinking, reasoning, the way information is encountered and stored, and memory functioning
Information Processing
Stage of Info Processing
Focus on a specific information
Basis of and key to learning
Attention
Stage of info processing
Using one more senses
Identifying preferred mode of
learning (e.g. visual is to diagrams, auditory is to voicing out, kinesthetic is to autopiloting)
Processing
Stage
Data is encoded into a short-term
memory which either: 1) goes to waste (forgotten) or 2) stored to long-term memory (mnemonics or visual imagery)
memory storage
stage
Response based on how they
processed the information
Action
(Perspective)
Focuses on advancements and changes
in perceiving, thinking, and reasoning as
individuals grow and mature
● Useful when working with children and
teenagers
● How information and experiences are perceived and represented depends on an individual’s stage of development and readiness to learn
Cognitive Development
Perspective
Learning is a sequential and active
process that occurs as the child interacts with the environment and makes discoveries, which are interpreted in keeping with what they know (schema) and is capable of understanding
Cognitive development
Making experiences fit with what they already know
Assimilation
change perceptions and interpretations in keeping new information
Accommodation
Vygotsky vs Piaget
Vygotsky= structured activities
Piaget= children exploring on their own
(Cognitive LT, cog development perspective)
For adults, it is better if they do what type of learning?
Self - directed learning
(Perspective)
Emphasizes e ffects of social factors on perception, thought, and motivation
Social cognition
(LT)
Much of learning occurs by observation
Learning is often a social process
Social Learning
What affects a learners performance in social learning theory
Reinforcement or punishment of a role model’s behavior,
the learning situation,
and the appropriateness
Person who Considered the personal characteristics of the learner, behavior patterns, and environment
Albert bandura
Central concept of social learning
Role modeling
Involves viewing other people’s emotions and determining whether role models are perceived as rewarded or punished for their behavior
Vicarious reinforcement
Is reward necessary in the social learning theory ??
Not always
Self-regulation and control that the individual exerts is critical and reflects cognitive principles
Basis on Behaviorist Principles
(LT)
Based on Freud and his followers
Theory of motivation
Focuses on emotions rather than responses to the environment or perceptions
Psychodynamic
(LT) Personal dev’t occurs in stages
For understanding patient and family non-compliance.
Psychodynamic
(LT)
1) Good for palliative care and emotional issues of terminal illnesses. And for understanding the anxieties of working with long-term psychiatric residents,
2) Useful when working with children and
teenagers
1) psychodynamic LT
2) cognitive development perspective (cognitive LT)
Problem of psychodynamic LT
Analysis is open to different interpretations
Central Principle of the psychodynamic theory
Behavior can be conscious or unc
primitive source of motivation
Impulses
Green light
Id
● Involves societal values and standards
Red light
Superego
Mediator
Operates on the basis for the reality principle
Yellow light
Ego
Consc or unc mind?
1.id
2 super ego
3. Ego
1- unc
2 &3 - CONSCIOUS
When does the defense mechanism activate ?
When does it become unhealthy?
when the ego is being threatened as a protective response
Long term use
Treatment regimens, communication, and health education need to include considerations for the patient’s stage of personality development
Erik Erikson Psychosocial Crisis
Teachers role in the psychodynamic LT
Listen and ask questions
Promote ego strength
Recognize how conscious and unconscious motivations a ect learning
(LT)
Assumes that each individual is unique and that all individuals have a desire to grow in a positive way.
Spontaneity, the importance of emotions and feelings, the right of individuals to make their own choices, and human creativity are the cornerstones
Motivational theory
Central focus is on the learner’s perceptions, desires, and decision making.
Humanistic
Motivator for learning in the humanistic LT
Learner’s desire to grow
Role of the teacher in humanistic LT
FACILITATOR
Assess and encourage changes
A theory of psychological health predicated on
fulfilling INNATE human needs in priority, culminating in self-actualization.
MASLOWS HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
What people want most acdg to Carl Rogers
Feeling of being loved (REGARDED as worthy
of love) without strings attached.
Unconditional Positive Self Regard
Behavioral vs humanistic
B- praised because you are doing what is asked.
→ You are fulfilling a condition
H: You are being praised because you are worthy of praise.
→ You do not have to fulfill a condition, being worthy of anything is INNATE.
(Social Learning Theory)
4 steps that direct social learning
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivational
Social learning theory ( 4 phases)
1.Necessary condition for any learning to occur
2. Storage and retrieval of what was observed
3. Learner copies observed behavior
4. Level of motivation to perform a behavior
- Attention phase
- Retention phase
- Reproduction phase
- Motivational phase
— & —- are necessary considerations in any learning condition
Self concept and self esteem
