Learning Styles Flashcards
Does matching your preferred learning method to the mode of instruction improve your learning? True or False?
False- no evidence
How many tools are there for learning?
5
Name 2 tools for learning.
1) Addressing common misconceptions and difficult concepts
2) Practice testing (testing effect)
3) Interleaving
4) Deep processing of information (“elaborative rehearsal”)
5) Metacognitive skills (“thinking about thinking”)
Are common sense and psychology synonymous?
No
Are common sense and psychology interdependent?
No
What does “reciprocal determinism” mean?
factors of one persons personality or behavior are impacted by another persons behavior or personality, causing similar traits to become more frequently occurring. And visa versa. (“a.k.a mutually influential”)
What is the term for “to be produced by many factors?”
Multiply-determined
Do cultural differences enhance or deter from making generalizations about human nature?
Deter/make it more difficult
Individual differences have an impact on what broader form of understanding?
they place limits on the possible determination of generalizations about human nature
Emic approach means what?
An emic approach means to study or to infer information regarding the BEHAVIOR of a culture, based on personal experiences from those from INSIDE that culture.
(to study the behavior of a culture based off of the perspectives of someone who has grown up in the culture)
What do you call when there is a study done about the behavior of a culture specifically with the intent to study only those who have lived outside of the culture?
An Etic Approach
What is “naive realism”?
The belief that we see the world exactly as it is.
Name an example of naive realism
optical illusions
What is empiricism?
premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation
Scientific theory- what is it?
an amalgamation and explanation of large number of findings in the natural world
What is a testable prediction called?
hypothesis (not to be confused with a theory which is accumulated data). Hypotheses are predictions, theories test the hypotheses. Think of saying “hypothetically speaking”.
What is confirmation bias?
seeking out information to support our existing hypotheses and the tendency to deny any evidence to the contrary
How does belief perseverance differ from confirmation bias?
sticking to your beliefs despite evidence to the contrary
Metaphysical vs pseudoscientific
Metaphysical- cannot be proven with tests, pseudoscience is not supported by evidence (hints/giveaways are wide and extreme claims)
Prescription for humility
Not using the words “prove”. Instead, “suggests and appears”
Wason selection task is what?
An experiment to test deductive reasoning and confirmation bias
Define “Ad hoc immunizing hypothesis”
Loopholes used to defend something unproven
List reasons why pseudoscience is popular
- Our brains are wired to find patterns and make sense from the insensible
- Motivational
What is patternicity?
Seeking patterns from random meaningless data (evolutionary adaptation)
Define terror management theory.
Theory that self-awareness of one’s own death causes one to find comfort and cope by adopting meaning to life via reassuring cultural worldviews
3 Reasons why pseudoscience is dangerous
1) opportunity cost
2) Direct harm- death
3) inability to think critically/scientifically
How many principles are there of critical thinking?
6
Name at least 2 of the principles of critical thinking
- correlation does not equal causation
- ruling out rival hypotheses
- Falsifiability (can the claim be disproved?)
- Replicability
- Extrardinary claims
- Occam’s razor (its not a zebra, its just a horse) or (the simplest answer is often the correct answer)
What is the longer version of “correlation doesn’t equal causation”?
Correlational designs do not permit causational inferences.
(ex: I feel sick the day of an exam- therefore the exam caused the sickness)
Name 5 major theoretical perspectives.
- Functionalism
- structuralism
- behaviorism
- psychoanalysis
- cognitivism
