learning psych Flashcards
definition of behaviour?
a change in time and space
what is learning?
change in mechanisms of behaviour involving specific stimuli and/or reponses
what is motivation?
proximal and proximate cause of behaviour?
what is memory?
organisms internal record of past experiences that are acquired through learning
what is maturation?
persistent changes in behaviour not due to learning
what is performance?
activity or behaviour that leads to a measurable result (dependent variable)
what is meta-cognition?
what you know you know
how did the ancient greek conceptualize the mind?
into cognition (intellectual processes), emotion (affective processes), and motivation (conative processes), all overlap
what was aristotle’s contribution?
believed in knowledge from experience (empiricism) and formed the theory of associationism, origin of deductive method
what was aristotle’s associationism?
memory depends on linkages between ideas, recalling one elicits a memory or anticipation of the other
what did plato contribute?
nativist (innate origin of knowledge) origin of inductive methods
what did descartes contribute?
interactionist dualism - the mind and body are separate but interact through the conarium
what did locke contribute?
blank slate, knowledge is from experience
what did kant contribute?
relativism - suggestion that some ideas before experience (prioris)
what did (william) james contribute?
implicit memory - learning of habits and memories, psychology studies mind and behaviour, writes about network of connections (nueral network theory??) (is an associations)
what did biologists contribute?
sechenov - reflexes of the brain
pavlov - conditioned reflexes
darwin - nat selection and adaptation
romanes - human continuity
morgan - parsiomony
what is parsimony?
exhuast the simpler explanation for a phenomenon before assuming the more complicated explanation
what is the order of the main school of thought of learning psych?
structuralism -> functionalism -> behaviourism -> cognitivism -> post-cognitivism
what did thorndike contribute?
cat puzzle box (string/lever that cat can push on to release them), believed in trail and error, and law of effect (consequence matters), argued that learning should focus on rules about associations among stimuli and responses
what did watson contribute?
psych should be a hard science (only observable behaviours) reject hypotheticals and mentalistic concepts
what are the four main historical steps of behavourism?
watson (early/methodological behavourism - observable)
skinner (radical behavourism - behaviour analysis)
hull/tolman/rachlin/staddon (operational/theoretical behaviourism)
modern neo-beviourism
what is an intervening variable?
theoretical concept or motivation between the stimuli (independent) and behaviour (dependent)
who are the three main inflouences of learning psych?
skinner, hull, tolman
what did skinner contribute?
no references to brain, behind behavioural analysis, created skinner box, heavy on operant conditioning
what is an operant?
action on the environment that is controlled by consequences
what is a reinforcer?
increases rate/frequency/probability of reponse (maybe duration/intensity)
what is the difference between respondent and operant?
respondent is controlled by antecedents (prior occurrences) operant is controlled by consequences
what did tolman contribute?
concept of motivation, anticipation, purposivism, expectancy confirmation, S-S learning, mental maps, latent learning
what is latent learning?
learning unconnected to a + or - consequence and remains undetected until explicitly demonstrated at later stage
what did hull contribute?
hypothetico-deductive theory, concept of motivation, drive thoery, incentive theory, habit strength, mathematical models of learning, taught spence (hull-spence theory)
what did ebbinghaus contribute?
studied memory, specifically forgetting, came up with retention curve (measures how much info is retained at each point following learning)
what are the main issues of bias?
subject bias (do single-blind) and experimenter bias (do double-blind)
what happened in the 60s and 70s?
cognitive revolution
what happened in the cognitive revolution?
european cognitivism, info processing approach, computer metaphor, representationalism, integration of memory and attention
what happened in the 80s and 90s?
neuroscientism
what is neuroscientism?
rise of brain metaphor, nueroscience of learning and nuerocognition, importance of motivation, memory linked to learning, connections and neural networks
modern beliefs of learning?
neurocognitive theories, cognitivism, neo/postcognitivism (connectionism, peceptual learning, congitionnnnn)
main (modern) schools of learning theory?
behaviourism
cognitivism
neo/postcognitivism
constructivism/constructionism (in developmental psych)
who was donald hebb?
“the organization of behaviour” and “essay on mind”
who was nick machintosh?
“psychology of animal learning” and “conditioning and associative learning” and “attentional theory”
who was bruce moore?
“evolution of learning” and raising and imprinting of Chimo the deal and key pecking (pigeons) with jenkins “look in Skinner box”
what is the substitution hypothesis/jenkins and moore experiment?
jenkins and moore experimented on pigeans and gave them water or food when combination of closed/opened beack and closed/opened eyes, kept doing those combos afterward
who was werner honig?
“mnemonic theory (working memory) a LOT of papers
what is the gadbois lab?
integrated ethology and learning to study perception (olfactory psychophysics) incentive theory, perception-action idea
what is perceptual learning?
implicit form that is categorical and highly driven by exposure (imprinting) LEARN BY EXPERIENCE
what are the types of learning through repetition?
habitation
sensitization
familiarization
priming
perceptual learning
spatial learning
what is habitation?
decrease in response as stimuli persists - spontaneous recovery can occur
what is sensitization?
increase in response as stimuli persists, activated by eliciting stimuli, generalization may occur, desensitization is possible
what is familiarization?
vague concept that overlaps with others, develop familiarity from exposure
what is priming?
increasing recognizability of a stimulus from previous exposure (forming implicit memory)
what perceptual learning?
stimuli that are experiences often over time and are then easier to discriminate later
what is spatial learning?
explicit and implicit learning about environment around you
what are the types of habitation?
massed (faster habitation and more likelihood of spontaneous recovery)
spaced (happens slower but lasts for longer)
what is dishabitation?
reforming an initial behavioural response - used in developmental psychology to understand natural discrimination, and in animal psychophysics to test naturally detecting stimuli
what is one important distinction between sensitization and habitation?
habitation is stimulus-specific and sensitisation is generalizable
what is pre-pulse inhibition?
if we are preexposed to a stimulus (even if weaker) will reduce sensitization or response (might be desensitization?
how do we have study/test sensitization and habituation?
- galvanic skin response or electro-dermal activity to monitor autonomic nervious system
- thermal response for organisms that don’t sweat
- cardiac markers
- polygraph sometimes
what is dual process theory (DPT)?
habitation and sensitization are both activated at the same time (groves and thompson)
what is opponent process theory (OPT)?
ove time fear response becomes weaker and rebound exhilaration response becomes stronger - rebound is triggered by initial response (both are associated with emotional arousal) - solomon???
what is priming?
unconscious effect of repeated exposure (recognition is similar, but context-specific and conscious)
what are the types of priming?
perceptual priming - extrastriate cortex
lexical/semantic/conceptual priming - left prefrontal lobe
affective/kindness priming - +/- valence of the prime
associative/context priming - basically contextual/cue conditioning
what is perceptual learning?
exposed to simuli over and over - helps discrimination, form of latent learning, also called statistical learning, long lasting/permanent
what are the two theories of spatial learning?
hippocampal learning (mental map - search engine)
striatal learning (motor navigation (turns, steps, etc - motor learning theory)
what is the law of effect?
consequences matter
S-R learning
from thorndike
what is shaping?
reinforcing with successive approximations
what is the conditioned compensatory response?
context and surrounding details matter more than the actual thing, from siegal
what is the extinction burst?
increase of response before reduction
what is the suppression ratio?
CS(CS + pre-CS)
what is contiguity?
closeness in time
what did Garcia and Koelling contribute?
biological predisposition to learning different things
what is auto-shaping?
when the animal does it for you (sign tracking)
what is delay conditioning?
when the CS happens before the US
what is trace conditioning?
when there is a gap between the Cs and the US
what is simultaneous conditioning?
when the CS and US happen at the same time
what is backward conditioning?
when the US happens before the CS
what is the ideal ISI and ITI?
short ISI and long ITI
what is conditioned inhibition?
when the Cs announces the lack of US
what is renewal?
when extinction happens in one context but not in another
what is compound conditioning?
when two CSs compete - can result in overshadowing or compound potentiation
what is blocking?
when compound potentiation doesn’t happen
what is generalization?
when one Cs generalizes to another
what are the two types of conditioning?
second-order and sensory pre-conditioning
what is pro-SR learning?
learning without the US
what is the main part of the brain associated with classical conditioning?
the cerebellum
what is pseudo-conditioning?
when it is just exposure without learning
how is overshadowing different from blocking?
overshadowing only occurs in one phase, blocking occurs in all
what is the Rescorla-Wagner model?
created the idea of prediction error, cues need to be new and suprising
what situation would give positive prediction error?
no CS or novel CS
what situation would give no prediction error?
well-learned CS and unexpected US
what would give negative production error?
CS-US association but no US
what is neural network model?
strength increases with number of pairings
what is prediction error?
difference between the US and what the CS predicts it will be
how to you increase extinction?
pair with excitors and not inhibitors
what is comparator theory?
conditioning to context is fundemanetal to continuency effects
what did machintosh and turner say?
ignore redundant predictors of US, attention payed to CS predicts consequences
what is the Pearce hall model?
pairing a weak US with CS slows down conditioning when it is eventually paired with a strong US
what are the two types of priming?
self-generated (sensory memory)
retrieval generated (long-term memory)
what is SOP?
standard opponent process, addresses timing and backward conditioning, and parallel processing in the brain
what is AESOP?
same as SOP but included sensory and affective node (important for emotions)
what do classical and operant conditioning have in common?
learning curve and extinction
what did Guthrie contribute to operant conditioning?
contiguity theory
what are the two types of trials in operant conditioning?
discrete (controlled) or free operant
who was credited with habit slips?
skinner
what did terrace contribute?
errorless discrimination training (fade in S- after S+)
what are the different types of intermittent reinforcers?
variable ratio
variable interval
what are the different types of reinforcement schedules?
mixed (alternating)
multiple (alternating but with discriptive stimuli)
tandem (complete one schedule than swap)
chased (complete one schedule then new one with new descriptive stimuli)
what is the matching law?
proportion of responses directed towards choice will match percentage of reinforcers associated with that choice
what is melioration?
shifting between options
what are the different reinforcement thoeries?
drive reduction (Hull) - reinforcers reduce drive
premack principle (more probable responses reinforce less probable responses)
behavioural regulation theory (Timberlake) - all behaviours have preferred levels with a bliss point with perfect balance (Staddon)
selection by consequence (Donahoe) - learning is like natural selection
what are the three discrimination theories?
feature theory - identifying right features creates reinforcement
prototype theory - average representation (like a template)
exemplar theory - memory of many pictures that generalize new S (configurable theory)
what did Guttman and Kalish do?
created generalisation gradient
what is supernormal stimulus?
exaggerated version of S+ is reinforced because of S-
what is preexposure’s effect on discrimination?
increases it (perceptual learning)
what is attentional priming?
recently exposed S’s are easier to find in memory
what is DMTS?
delayed matching to sample (assesses working memory)
what parts of the brain are associated with sensory modalities?
dorsal striatum and orbito-frontal cortex
what parts of the brain are important for generalization?
hippocampus and temporal love
what is the generalizer/contextualizer of the brain?
hippocampus
what is motivation?
the hypothetical intervening variable
what part of the brain is involved in motivation?
basal ganglia (slow learning)
what is proof of motivation?
behaviour is variable and presistent
what were Hull’s contributions to motivation theory?
drive theory - reinforcement = reduction of drive
what did tollman contribute to motivation theory?
rewards are confirmatory of learned expectancies
what are occasion setters?
motivational states like safety signals
what did Pavlov contribute to motivation theory?
target stimulus (present every trial) and feature stimulus (sometimes present - indicates if US occurs or not)
what is PREE?
partial reinforcement extinction effect (increases persistence and behaviour)
what are some explanations for PREE?
could be frustration, but believed to be sequential theory (memory of acquisition)
what is pavlovian instrumental tranfer?
CS influences rate of ongoing behaviour if CS is present during a behaviour
what do reinforcers actually effect?
motivation NOT learning
what is important for motivation?
anticipation of reward > reward
