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Resp Anatomy > Learning Outcomes > Flashcards

Learning Outcomes Flashcards

1
Q

Intervertebral joint

A

Adjacent vertebral bodies joined by intervertebral discs
Symphysis (secondary cartilaginous joint)

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2
Q

Costovertebral joint

A

Joints with head of rib
Synovial plane

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3
Q

Costotransverse

A

Articulation of tubercle of rib to transverse process of corresponding vertebra
Synovial plane

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4
Q

Sternocostal

A

Articulation of Costal cartilages to sternum (synovial plane) 2-7th ribs and manubrium (primary cartilaginous joint) 1rst rib

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5
Q

Sternoclavicular

A

Sternum (manubrium) and clavicle
Saddle joint

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6
Q

Interchondral

A

Articulation between Costal cartilages of 6-9th ribs false ribs
Synovial plane joint

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7
Q

Manubriosternal

A

Manubrium and body of sternum
Secondary cartilaginous symphysis

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8
Q

Xiphisternal

A

Xiphiod process and body of sternum
Primary cartilaginous joint synchondrosis

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9
Q

Describe the normal movement of thorax during normal breathing

A

Movement of the thoracic cage during inspiration increases the intrathoracic diameter and volume of the thorax and decreases the intrathoracic pressure drawing air into the lungs
on expiration muscles relax decreaseing intrathoracic volume and increasing pressure expelling air also allows stressed elastic tissue to recoil.

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10
Q

Forceful breathing + muscles used

A

Transverse and anteroposterior diameter increases
External intercostal muscles and accessory muscles - sternocleidomastoid, scalene muscles + part of trapezius.

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11
Q

Organisation and function of intercostal muscles

A

Superficial layer = external intercostal, fibre bundle is oriented infertoanteriorly
Middle layer = internal intercostal, inferioposterioly
Inner layer = innermost intercostal inferioposterioly

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12
Q

Intercostal nerves and vessels

A

Nerovascular bundles along costal groove are organised in the order of Van another set at the upper part of rib called collateral branches.
The intercostal van’s lie between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles

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13
Q

Arterial supply and venous drainage of thoracic wall

A

Arterial supply; posterior intercostal arteries branch of descending thoracic aorta 3-12
Anterior intercostal arteries arises from internal thoracic artery branch of the axillary artery (lateral part of subclavian artery)

Venous drainage; on left side you have hemi azygos vain above accessory azygos vain and on right azygos vain drain to SVC

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14
Q

Lymphatic drainage of thoracic wall

A

Right side of chest wall drained by right lymphatic duct to right subclavian vain
Left side drained by thoracic duct to left subclavian vain

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15
Q

Lymphatic drainage of Breast

A

Majority by axillary lymph nodes
Parasternal lymph node
Abdominal lymph node

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16
Q

Define dermatome

A

Area of the skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

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17
Q

T4 t10

A

T4 = nipple
T10= belly button

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18
Q

Structure of diaphragm

A

3 peripheral attachments ziphiod process, costal cartilages of ribs 7-12, lumber vertebrae
Central attachment = central tendon

Parts of the diaphragm that Aries from vertebrae
Left crus L1-L2
Right crus L1-L3 surrounds opening of oesophagus to prevent gastric reflux

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19
Q

Function of diaphragm

A

Primary muscle of inspiration, it contacts and the dome flattens increasing thoracic volume on relaxation thoracic volume decreases.

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20
Q

Diaphragm hiatuses openings

A

T8= caval opening for inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve
T 10 = oesophageal hiatus for oesophagus and both vagus Nerves
T12= aortic hiatus for aorta azygos hemiazygos and thoracic duct

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21
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

Mixed nerve meaning it’s both sensory and moter. Originates from C3, C4 and mainly C5
Moter function = innervates the diaphragm from the inferior surface
Sensory function = supplies central part of diaphragm
Paralysis causes paradoxical movement
,

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22
Q

Contents of upper respiratory tract

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

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23
Q

Contents of lower respiratory tract

A

Trachea, bronchi (primary, secondary and tertiary) bronchioles (terminal and respiratory) and alveoli

24
Q

What is the basic unit of gas exchange in the Lungs

A

Pulmonary alveoli

25
Q

Trachea

A

Starts at the lower part of The larynx c6 and bifurcated at the level of the sternal angle (t4) give rises to 2 main bronchi
Carina triangle cartilage
15-20 c shaped hyaline cartilage for patency (open)

26
Q

Right versus left primary bronchus

A

Right is more vertical short and wider

27
Q

Tracheobronchial tree

A

Conducting and respiratory portion

28
Q

’ Conducting portion

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Main bronchus
  3. Lobar bronchus
  4. Segmental bronchus
    S. Conducting bronchiole
  5. Terminal bronchiole
29
Q

Respiratory portion

A
  1. Respiratory bronchiole
  2. Alveolar duct
  3. Alveolar sac
  4. Alveolus
30
Q

Lobes of the lungs

A

Superior
Inferior
Middle (right lung only)

31
Q

Function of lungs

A

Oxygenate blood

32
Q

Fissures of right lung

A

Horizontal fissure oblique fissure

33
Q

Fissure of left ling

A

Oblique fissure

34
Q

Costal surface

A

Attached to ribs

35
Q

Hila

A

Located on mediastinal surface area where lung root pass

36
Q

Root

A

Bronchus, artery veins lymphatics nerves group of structures leaving or exiting the lung

37
Q

Function of pulmonary vain

A

Carries oxygenated blood to the lungs

38
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs

39
Q

Where does the apex of The lung start

A

Above rib 1

40
Q

Blood supply of lung

A

Lung is supplied by bronchial arteries branches of thoracic aorta and posterior Intercostal artery.2 left I right.

41
Q

Venous drainage of lung

A

Done by azygous + accessory semi azygois veins

42
Q

Lymphatic drainage

A

Pulmonary lymph node → bronchopulmonary lymph node → tracheobronchial lymph node → broncho-mediastinal lymph node broncho mediastinal trunk. Left side drains thoraeu duct right side drains the right lymphatic duct.

43
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the lung

A

The lymphatics of the lungs and visceral pleura drain into the bronchopulmonary lymph nodes (at the burifucation of larger bronchi at the lung hilla.→ tracheobronchial lymph nodes at the purification of the trachea into the main bronchi → drain unto thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct. Cancer mortises

44
Q

Two types of lung circulation.

A

Pulmonary circulation & bronchial circulation

45
Q

Describe pulmonary circulation

A

Carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs via pulmonary artery
And oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart via pulmonary vain

46
Q

Bronchial circulation

A

Supplies oxygenated blood and nutrition to the lung tissue and larger airways.
Bronchial arteriesg 1 on right from 3rd right Posterior Intercostal artery and 2 on the left from the north.
Enter lungs at the hilum along with pulmonary arteries

47
Q

Nerve innovation of the lung

A

Supplied by Pulmonary plexus around hilum of lungs made of parasympathetic fibres from vagus nerve and sympathetic fibres from The T2 - T5 sympathetic nerves.

Vagus nerve is motor to bronchial muscle cause broncoconstriction and secretomoter to mucus glands acting as a vasodilator
Sympathetic = bronchodilator (used as medicine) motor to blood vessel smooth muscle

48
Q

Blood circulation of the lungs and heart

A

Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava collect the oxygenated blood from the body, and it goes in the right ventricle, then to the pulmonary trunk, then to the pulmonary arteries into the language is oxygenated pulmonary veins, will bring the oxygenated blood back into the left atrium  then to the left ventricle, where is pumped to the rest of the body via the aorta

49
Q

Two pleurae

A

Visceral intimately adheres to lung including fissures
Parietal lines, pulmonary cavity adheres to thoracic wall, mediastinum, and diaphragm

50
Q

What type of membrane is the pleura

A

Serous membrane double layer

51
Q

Pleural sac

A

Contatains serous fluid allows movement of lung during inspiration and expiration

52
Q

4 parts of Parietal plural

A

Cervical covers apex of the lung (apex goes over first rib)
Costal covers internal surface of the thoracic wall
Diaphragmatic covers superior surface of diaphragm
Mediastinal pleura coveralls, lateral aspect of mediastinum

53
Q

Nerve supply of pleurae

A

Parietal pleura is innovated by somatic nerve phrenic and intercoastal nerve and is sensitive to pain
Visceral pleura autonomic nerves no pain sensitivity

54
Q

2 plural recesses

A

Costomediastinal costodiaphragmatic
Odema can happen here as there is space for fluid to build up
Also allows for expansion of lung
Thorathentisis needle inside and into the middle exit the line to extract fluid or puss

55
Q

Surface anatomy of the pleura

A

Inferior margin of the lung (6,8,10)
Midclavicular six
Medaxillary eight
Paravertebral 10

Inferior margin of the parietal pleura (8,10,12)
Two Intercostal space difference.
Midclavicular, eight
Mid maxillary ten
Para vertebral 12

56
Q

Surface anatomy of fissures

A

Horizontal fissure on the right lung follows from the fourth rib anteriorly
oblique Fissure on both lungs starts at T2/T3 and follows the six rib

57
Q

Muscle that completes the trachea posteriorly

A

Trachealis

Resp Anatomy (1 decks)

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