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Community Health 6-12 > Learning Objectives (6-12) > Flashcards

Learning Objectives (6-12) Flashcards

1
Q

What is community health?

A
  • the health status of a defined group of people
  • the actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health
  • protecting or improving the health of a population
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2
Q

What are some physical factors that affect health?

A
  • Geography (e.g. climate, latitude, altitude)
  • Built and Natural Environment (e.g. soil, water, air)
  • Community Size (Larger community=more health proffesionals/resources/disease)
  • Industrial Development (more resources/technology/pollution)
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3
Q

What are some social/cultural factors that affect health?

A
  • Beliefs, traditions, and prejudices
  • Economy
  • Politics
  • Religion
  • Social Norms
  • Socioeconomic Status
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4
Q

What were some ascepts of communinty health evident in anceint communities? (the earliest civilizations)

A
  • —Archeological findings provide evidence of sewage disposal prior to 2000 B.C.—
  • The Code of Hammurabi included laws for physicians and health practices
  • The Book of Leviticus which is in _the Torah and the Bible provide guidelines for personal cleanliness and sanitation _
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5
Q

What were some aspects of community health in the classical cultures (500 BC - 500 AD) ?

A
  • Greeks were involved in community sanitation—
  • Romans improved on the community sanitation of Greeks, created regulation for building construction, street cleaning and repair, and created hospitals as infirmaries for slaves
  • Christians created hospitals as benevolent charitable organizations
  • When the Roman Empire fell in 476 A.D., most public health activities ceased
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6
Q

What were some aspects of community health during the Middle Ages (500 AD - 1500) ?

A
  • Known as the spiritual era of public health
  • Growth of spirituality and health problems were considered to have spiritual causes and spiritual solutions
  • Failure to take into account the role of physical and biological environment in the causes of diseases resulted in many epidemics
  • Deadliest epidemic was the Black Plague—
  • Also had leper, smallpox, diphtheria, measles, influenza, tuberculosis, anthrax, and trachoma epidemics
  • Syphilis epidemic of 1492
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7
Q

What were some aspects of community health during the Renaissance (1500 - 1700) ?

A
  • Shift in belief that disease was caused by environmental, not spiritual, factors
  • —Observations of sick people lead to more accurate descriptionof symptoms and outcomes of diseases; this led to the recognition that whooping cough, typhus, scarlet fever, and malaria were different diseases
  • —More epidemics
  • —Europeans continued to spread disease to indigenous people and colonies throughout the New World
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8
Q

What were some key elements of community health during the eighteenth century (1700s) ?

A
  • Period characterized by industrial growth; workplaces were unsafe and unhealthy
  • 1790 - first U.S. Census
  • —1793 - yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia
  • —1796 - Dr. Edward Jenner successfully demonstrated smallpox vaccination
  • —1798 - Marine Hospital Service was formed
  • —1799 - several of America’s largest cities had municipal boards of health
  • —Average life expectancy in the USA low; 29 years
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9
Q

What were some key elements of community health during the nineteenth century (1800s) ?

A
  • In 1850, the modern era of public health began
  • —1854 London had another cholera epidemic
  • —1863 Pasteur proposed the germ theory of disease –> guides all modern medicine practice
  • 1876 Robert Koch established relationship between a particular microbe and a particular disease
  • —Last quarter of the nineteenth century known as the bacteriological period of public health
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10
Q

What are the major community health eras in the twentieth century (modern time - 1990s) and subsequent elements of each era?

A
  • 1900-1920: The Reform Phase (Progressive era-first national health agency, first local health depts)
  • 1920s-1940s: The Great Depression & WWII (New Deal attempt at national health care program, Social Security Act (1935), end of WWII brought on more concern for public health)
  • 1950s: Post-war years (National Hospital Survey and Construction Act (1946) ,CDC (1946), polio vaccine (1952), President Eisenhower has a heart attack (1955) spiking more public concern for health)
  • 1960-1973: Period of social engineering in public health (Medicare and Medicaid bills (1965))
  • 1974-present: Period of health promotion in public health (Nixon’s 2nd/Clinton’s 3rd attempt to establish national health care program)
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11
Q

What is the overall perspective/attitude towards community health that has developed in the 2000s ?

A

We’re now beginning to realize that we need to create environments that are more conducive to better health outcomes to truly affect the quality of life in communities

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12
Q

What are some current and future environmental issues that need to be addressed in community health ?

A
  • Poor quality of air to breathe
  • Unsafe water to drink
  • Solid wastes disposed of improperly
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13
Q

What are some current and future community health issues dealing with Health Care Delivery ?

A
  • The rise in health care cost (US will continue to have most expensive health care in the world)
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14
Q

What are some current and future community health issues concerning Lifestyle Diseases ?

A
  • The prevalence of obesity and diabetes is increasing
  • In the early 2000’s the 4 leading causes of death in the United States are heart disease, cancer, chronic lower respiratory diseases, and stroke
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15
Q

What are some current and future community health issues regarding Communicable Disease ?

A
  • They are the primary reason for days missed at school or at work
  • New communicable diseases continue to appear
  • Older diseases like tuberculosis are coming back in more drug resistant forms
  • Bioterrorism
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16
Q

What are some current and future community health issues regarding alcohol and other drug abuse ?

A
  • The use and abuse of legal and illegal drugs is controversial and cost the United States billions of dollars each year
  • —Alcohol and other drugs are often associated with unintentional injuries, domestic violence, and violent crimes
17
Q

What are health disparities?

A

Differences in health among different populations (e.g. between low SES and high SES)

18
Q

What are some current and future community health issues concerning Disasters ?

A
  • Natural disasters- are a result of the combination of the forces of nature
  • Human made disasters- are a result of unintentional or intentional injuries
  • —Both have the potential to potential to cause injury, death, disease and damage to property on a large scale
19
Q

What are some key characteristics of Government Agencies that distinguishes them from other types of community health organizations ?

A
  • Funded primarily through tax dollars
  • Have some authority over a geographic region
  • Can exist at four levels- international, national, state, and local
20
Q

What are some key characteristics of National Health Agencies that distiguishes them from other types community health organizations?

A
  • Developing health policies
  • Enforce of health regulations
  • Provision of health services and programs
  • Funding research
  • Support the state and local health agencies
21
Q

What are some key characteristics of State Health Departments that distinguishes them from other types of community health organizations ?

A
  • Monitor health status to identify community health problems
  • Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community
  • Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues
  • Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems
  • Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts
  • Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety
  • Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable
  • Ensure a competent public health and personal health care workforce
  • Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population based health services
  • Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems
22
Q

What are some key characteristics of Local Health Departments that distinguishes them from other types of communty health organizations ?

A
  • It is through local health departments that health services are provided to the community
  • Inspection of restaurants, public buildings, and transportation systems
  • The detection and reporting of certain diseases
  • The collection of vital statistics such as births and deaths
  • May have flexibility to implement safety belt programs and immunization clinics
23
Q

What are some key characteristics of Cooridnated School Health Programs that distinguishes them from other community health organizations ?

A
  • Referring to an organized set of policies, procedures, and activities designed to protect, promote, and improve the health and well-being of students and staff
  • Main components are components are comprehensive health education, a healthy school environment, and health services
24
Q

What are some key characteristics of Quasi-Governmental Health Agencies that distinguishes them from other community health organizations ?

A
  • That have some official health responsibilities but operate in part like volunteer health organizations independent of the government
  • They derive funding from governmental and private sources
25
Q

What are some key characteristics of Nongovernmental Health Agencies that distinguishes them from other community health organizations ?

A
  • They are funded by private donations or in some cases membership dues
  • Arose because there was an unmet need
  • They operate free from governmental influence as long as they meet IRS guidelines with regard to their specific tax status
26
Q

What are some key characteristics of Volunteer Health Agencies that distinguishes them from other community health organizations ?

A
  • Started by concerned citizens who felt a specific health need was not met by existing governmental agencies

Main 4 objectives of voluntary health agencies:

  • Raise money to fund their programs,
  • To provide education both to professionals and the public,
  • To provide service to those individuals and families that are afflicted with the disease or heath problem, and
  • To advocate for beneficial policies, laws, and regulations that affect the agency and the people they are trying to help
27
Q

What are some key characteristics of Professional Health Organizations that distinguishes them from other types of community health organizations ?

A
  • Composed of health professionals who have completed specialized education and training requirements in their respective field
  • Their goal is to promote high standards of professional practice in their discipline and improve the health of society by improving the people in their profession
  • Examples: Eta Sigma Gamma, American Association for Health Education, Society for Public Health Education
28
Q

What are some key characteristics of Philantrophic Foundations that distinguishes them from other community health organizations ?

A
  • Support community health by funding programs and research on the prevention, control, and treatment of many diseases and conditions
  • Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation funds national and international projects
  • Commonwealth Fund contributes to community health in rural areas, improved hospitals facilities, working to strengthen mental health services
  • Ford Foundation contributes to family-planning efforts throughout the world
  • Robert Wood Johnson Foundation worked to improve access to medical and dental care throughout the United States and lessen the impact of tobacco on health
  • Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation supports the development of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and community health promotion
  • W. K. Kellogg Foundation- funded many programs to address human issues and provide practical solutions
  • Milbank Memorial Fund which has primarily funded preventive medicine projects
29
Q

What are some key characteristics of Service and Social Health Organizations that distinguishes them from other types of community health organzations ?

A

Members of service and social organizations enjoy interactions with each other and omen strive to serve their surrounding communities
Examples: Fraternal Order of Police, Rotary Club, and the American Legion, Shriner, Lion’s

30
Q

What are some key characteristics of Religious Organizations regarding their contributions to community health ?

A
  • Have been effective avenue for promoting health programs
  • Often raise money for people less fortunate
  • Mission trips
31
Q

What are some characteristics of Corporate Involvement in community health ?

A
  • Provision of health care benefits to employees
  • Providing preventative worksite health promotion programs
32
Q

What is the definition of epidemiology ?

A

The study of distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations

33
Q

What are some important characteristics concerning epidemiology ?

A
  • Epidemiology = population medicine
  • Epidemiologists concerned with course of disease in a population
  • Collect information about disease status of a community
  • Data can be used to prevent disease outbreaks or determine effectiveness of prevention effort

Questions asked by epidemiologists:

  • How many people are sick? Who is sick? When did they become sick? Where do they live?
34
Q

What is the definition of community ?

A
  • A group of people who have common characteristics
  • —Communities can be defined by location, race, ethnicity, age, occupation, interest in particular problems, or common bonds
35
Q

What are elements that make up a community ?

A
  • Sense of identity and belonging
  • —Common symbol systems
  • Shared values and norms
  • Mutual influence
  • Shared needs and commitment to meeting them
  • Shared emotional connection

Community Health 6-12 (1 decks)

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