Learning Module 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
Is the scientific study of the structure or morphology of organisms and their parts.
Physiology
Is the scientific study of the functions or processes of living things.
Systemic Physiology
Is the study of body systems
Cellular Physiology
Is the study of individual cells and how they work
Immunology
Is the study of the body’s defense mechanisms
Pharmacology
Is the study of drug action in the body
Six levels of organization of the human body
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, body system, total organism
Integumentary System
Covers and protects body; regulates temperature
Skeletal System
Provides body framework and support; protects; attaches muscles to bones; provides calcium storage
Muscular System
Produces movement; maintains posture; provides heat
Nervous System
Coordinates body activities; receive and transmits stimuli
Endocrine System
Regulates metabolic activities and body chemistry
Cardiovascular System
Transports material from one part of the body to another; defends against disease
Lymphatic System
Returns tissue fluid to the blood; defends against disease
Digestive System
Ingests and digests food; absorbs nutrients into blood
Respiratory System
Exchanges gases between blood and external environment
Urinary System
Excretes metabolic wastes; regulates fluid balance and acid-base balance
Reproductive System
Forms new individuals to provide continuation of the human species
Homeostasis
The constant internal environment that must be maintained for the cells of the body
Stressor
Any condition or stimulus that disrupts the homeostatic balance in the body
Negative Feedback
A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change. Maintains a steady state.
Positive Feedback
A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.
Anatomical Position
erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward
Superior
Above or higher on the body, nearer to the head
Inferior
Below or lower on the body, closer to the feet
Anterior
toward the front
Posterior
toward the back
Medial
Toward, or nearer, the midline of the body
Lateral
Means toward, or nearer, away from the midline
Proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Superficial
on or near the surface; concerned with or understanding only what is on the surface, shallow
Deep
Away from the body surface; more internal
Visceral
Pertains to internal organs or the covering of the organs.
Parietal
pertaining to the wall of a body cavity
Sagittal Plane
vertical division of the body into right and left portions
Midsagittal Plane
divides the body into equal left and right halves
Transverse Plane
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
Frontal Plane
divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Coronal Plane
This is another term that is the same as Frontal plane, it divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Dorsal Cavity
includes the cranial and spinal cavities.
Ventral Cavity
thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity
abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
Nine abdominopelvic regions
right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Element
Simplest form of matter; it cannot be broken down into a simpler form by ordinary chemical means
Atom
the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element, and it is almost unbelievably small
Compound
Formed when two or more different types of atoms chemically combine in a definite, or fixed, ratio to form a new substance that is different from any of the original atoms
Basic components of an atom
protons, neutrons, electrons
Electrolytes
Substances that break up, or dissociate, in solution to form charged particles, or ions
Examples of electrolytes
sodium, potassium, chloride
Acid
proton donor
Base
proton acceptor
pH scale
measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14
pH
potential of hydrogen
Organic Compounds found in the body
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and adenosine triphosphate
Carbohydrates
Are any of a large group of compounds(including sugars, starch, and cellulose) which contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and can be broken down to release energy in the body
Proteins
Are formed from amino acids linked together by peptide bonds; they contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, usually sulfur, and often phosphorous. The primary functions of proteins include building and repairing of body tissues, regulation of body processes and formation of enzymes and hormones.
Lipids
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and are insoluble in water but will dissolve in solvents such as alcohol and ether. Lipids help with brain function, joint mobilization and even energy production.
Identify the various components of a cell
See photo for illustration
Organells
tiny cell structures that carry out specific functions within the cell
Cell Membrane
A cell structure that is selectively permeable that separates the extracellular material from the intracellular material
Cytoplasm
The gel-like fluid inside the cell, is largely water with a variety of solutes and has organelles suspended in it
What are solutes?
dissolved substances
Nucleus
Control center of the cell
Nucleolus
Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
Mitochondria
Are enclosed by a double membrane and are known as the “power plants” of the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Is a series of membranous channels that function in the transport of molecules
What is the difference between rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough ER has ribosomes covering the organelle while smooth ER does not.
What does rough endoplasmic reticulum transport?
Proteins
What does smooth endoplasmic reticulum transport?
Certain lipids
Golgi Apparatus
A series of 4-6 flattened sacs that connects to the endoplasmic reticulum and it’s function is to modify and transport proteins out of the cell
Lysosomes
Membrane enclosed sacs that contain digestive enzymes and its function is to destroy cellular debris and destroy worn out cell parts
Centrioles
Located in the centrosome, near the nucleus and helps to organize cell division
Cilia
Short, hairlike projections that move substances across the surface of a cell
Flagella
Are long, threadlike, projections that move the cell
How does the cell membrane control the composition of the cytoplasm?
By regulating movement of substances through the membrane by means of diffusion, osmosis, or filtration
Diffusion
Movement from high concentration to lower concentration
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Filtration
Movement of a fluid through a membrane by pressure
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Mitosis: one division forming 2 identical cells (clones); Meiosis: two divisions forming 4 genetically different cells
Chromosomes in Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis-46; Meiosis-23
Histology
study of tissues
The four main types of tissues in the body are
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve
Epithelial Tissue
Consist of tightly packed cells with little intercellular matrix; they have one free surface, are avascular, and reproduce readily
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
To cover the body, line body cavities, and cover organs within body cavities
What are the shapes of epithelial tissues and what is the arrangement of layers?
Squamous, cubital, or columnar, and they may be arranged in single or multiple layers
Connective Tissue
Has an abundance of intracellular matrix with relatively few cells and and has strong and flexible elastic fibers
What are examples of connective tissue?
Adipose, Cartilage, Bone, Blood
What is the function of connective tissue?
Framework of the body. Provides support and structure to organs.
Muscle Tissue
Has an abundance of cells and is highly vascular
What are the different types of muscle tissue?
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
What is the function of muscle tissue?
produce movement
Nerve Tissue
a body tissue that carries messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body
List the four characteristics of inflammation
redness, swelling, heat, pain
How do the four manifestations of inflammation develop?
Blood vessel dilation increases blood flow to the area that causes the redness and heat. Increased vascular permeability results in an accumulation of fluid in the tissue spaces, which accounts for the swelling. The swelling puts pressure on the nerves to cause pain.
Regeneration
replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
Fibrosis
Replacement of destroyed tissue by formation of fibrous connective tissue(scar tissue)
Mucous Membranes
Are epithelial membranes that line body cavities that open to the outside, such as the mouth, stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, and respiratory tract; they secrete mucus for protection and lubrication
Serous membranes
Are epithelial membranes that line body cavities that do not open to the outside and also cover the organs within these cavities
Synovial Membrane
Are connective tissue membranes that line joint cavities and secrete a synovial fluid into the joint cavity for lubrication
Meninges
Are connective tissue membranes around the brain and spinal cord
