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Anatomy & Physiology & Medical Terminology > Learning Module 1 > Flashcards

Learning Module 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Anatomy

A

Is the scientific study of the structure or morphology of organisms and their parts.

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Is the scientific study of the functions or processes of living things.

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3
Q

Systemic Physiology

A

Is the study of body systems

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4
Q

Cellular Physiology

A

Is the study of individual cells and how they work

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5
Q

Immunology

A

Is the study of the body’s defense mechanisms

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6
Q

Pharmacology

A

Is the study of drug action in the body

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7
Q

Six levels of organization of the human body

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, body system, total organism

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8
Q

Integumentary System

A

Covers and protects body; regulates temperature

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9
Q

Skeletal System

A

Provides body framework and support; protects; attaches muscles to bones; provides calcium storage

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10
Q

Muscular System

A

Produces movement; maintains posture; provides heat

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11
Q

Nervous System

A

Coordinates body activities; receive and transmits stimuli

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12
Q

Endocrine System

A

Regulates metabolic activities and body chemistry

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13
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Transports material from one part of the body to another; defends against disease

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14
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Returns tissue fluid to the blood; defends against disease

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15
Q

Digestive System

A

Ingests and digests food; absorbs nutrients into blood

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16
Q

Respiratory System

A

Exchanges gases between blood and external environment

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17
Q

Urinary System

A

Excretes metabolic wastes; regulates fluid balance and acid-base balance

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18
Q

Reproductive System

A

Forms new individuals to provide continuation of the human species

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19
Q

Homeostasis

A

The constant internal environment that must be maintained for the cells of the body

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20
Q

Stressor

A

Any condition or stimulus that disrupts the homeostatic balance in the body

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21
Q

Negative Feedback

A

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change. Maintains a steady state.

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22
Q

Positive Feedback

A

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.

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23
Q

Anatomical Position

A

erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward

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24
Q

Superior

A

Above or higher on the body, nearer to the head

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25
Q

Inferior

A

Below or lower on the body, closer to the feet

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26
Q

Anterior

A

toward the front

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27
Q

Posterior

A

toward the back

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28
Q

Medial

A

Toward, or nearer, the midline of the body

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29
Q

Lateral

A

Means toward, or nearer, away from the midline

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30
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

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31
Q

Distal

A

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

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32
Q

Superficial

A

on or near the surface; concerned with or understanding only what is on the surface, shallow

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33
Q

Deep

A

Away from the body surface; more internal

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34
Q

Visceral

A

Pertains to internal organs or the covering of the organs.

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35
Q

Parietal

A

pertaining to the wall of a body cavity

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36
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

vertical division of the body into right and left portions

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37
Q

Midsagittal Plane

A

divides the body into equal left and right halves

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38
Q

Transverse Plane

A

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

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39
Q

Frontal Plane

A

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

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40
Q

Coronal Plane

A

This is another term that is the same as Frontal plane, it divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

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41
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A

includes the cranial and spinal cavities.

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42
Q

Ventral Cavity

A

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

43
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

44
Q

Nine abdominopelvic regions

A

right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region

45
Q

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

A

right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

46
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space

47
Q

Element

A

Simplest form of matter; it cannot be broken down into a simpler form by ordinary chemical means

48
Q

Atom

A

the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element, and it is almost unbelievably small

49
Q

Compound

A

Formed when two or more different types of atoms chemically combine in a definite, or fixed, ratio to form a new substance that is different from any of the original atoms

50
Q

Basic components of an atom

A

protons, neutrons, electrons

51
Q

Electrolytes

A

Substances that break up, or dissociate, in solution to form charged particles, or ions

52
Q

Examples of electrolytes

A

sodium, potassium, chloride

53
Q

Acid

A

proton donor

54
Q

Base

A

proton acceptor

55
Q

pH scale

A

measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14

56
Q

pH

A

potential of hydrogen

57
Q

Organic Compounds found in the body

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and adenosine triphosphate

58
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Are any of a large group of compounds(including sugars, starch, and cellulose) which contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and can be broken down to release energy in the body

59
Q

Proteins

A

Are formed from amino acids linked together by peptide bonds; they contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, usually sulfur, and often phosphorous. The primary functions of proteins include building and repairing of body tissues, regulation of body processes and formation of enzymes and hormones.

60
Q

Lipids

A

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and are insoluble in water but will dissolve in solvents such as alcohol and ether. Lipids help with brain function, joint mobilization and even energy production.

61
Q

Identify the various components of a cell

A

See photo for illustration

62
Q

Organells

A

tiny cell structures that carry out specific functions within the cell

63
Q

Cell Membrane

A

A cell structure that is selectively permeable that separates the extracellular material from the intracellular material

64
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The gel-like fluid inside the cell, is largely water with a variety of solutes and has organelles suspended in it

65
Q

What are solutes?

A

dissolved substances

66
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center of the cell

67
Q

Nucleolus

A

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

68
Q

Mitochondria

A

Are enclosed by a double membrane and are known as the “power plants” of the cell

69
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Is a series of membranous channels that function in the transport of molecules

70
Q

What is the difference between rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough ER has ribosomes covering the organelle while smooth ER does not.

71
Q

What does rough endoplasmic reticulum transport?

A

Proteins

72
Q

What does smooth endoplasmic reticulum transport?

A

Certain lipids

73
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

A series of 4-6 flattened sacs that connects to the endoplasmic reticulum and it’s function is to modify and transport proteins out of the cell

74
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane enclosed sacs that contain digestive enzymes and its function is to destroy cellular debris and destroy worn out cell parts

75
Q

Centrioles

A

Located in the centrosome, near the nucleus and helps to organize cell division

76
Q

Cilia

A

Short, hairlike projections that move substances across the surface of a cell

77
Q

Flagella

A

Are long, threadlike, projections that move the cell

78
Q

How does the cell membrane control the composition of the cytoplasm?

A

By regulating movement of substances through the membrane by means of diffusion, osmosis, or filtration

79
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement from high concentration to lower concentration

80
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

81
Q

Filtration

A

Movement of a fluid through a membrane by pressure

82
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

A

Mitosis: one division forming 2 identical cells (clones); Meiosis: two divisions forming 4 genetically different cells

83
Q

Chromosomes in Mitosis and Meiosis

A

Mitosis-46; Meiosis-23

84
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

85
Q

The four main types of tissues in the body are

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve

86
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Consist of tightly packed cells with little intercellular matrix; they have one free surface, are avascular, and reproduce readily

87
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

To cover the body, line body cavities, and cover organs within body cavities

88
Q

What are the shapes of epithelial tissues and what is the arrangement of layers?

A

Squamous, cubital, or columnar, and they may be arranged in single or multiple layers

89
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Has an abundance of intracellular matrix with relatively few cells and and has strong and flexible elastic fibers

90
Q

What are examples of connective tissue?

A

Adipose, Cartilage, Bone, Blood

91
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

Framework of the body. Provides support and structure to organs.

92
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Has an abundance of cells and is highly vascular

93
Q

What are the different types of muscle tissue?

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

94
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A

produce movement

95
Q

Nerve Tissue

A

a body tissue that carries messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body

96
Q

List the four characteristics of inflammation

A

redness, swelling, heat, pain

97
Q

How do the four manifestations of inflammation develop?

A

Blood vessel dilation increases blood flow to the area that causes the redness and heat. Increased vascular permeability results in an accumulation of fluid in the tissue spaces, which accounts for the swelling. The swelling puts pressure on the nerves to cause pain.

98
Q

Regeneration

A

replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

99
Q

Fibrosis

A

Replacement of destroyed tissue by formation of fibrous connective tissue(scar tissue)

100
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

Are epithelial membranes that line body cavities that open to the outside, such as the mouth, stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, and respiratory tract; they secrete mucus for protection and lubrication

101
Q

Serous membranes

A

Are epithelial membranes that line body cavities that do not open to the outside and also cover the organs within these cavities

102
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

Are connective tissue membranes that line joint cavities and secrete a synovial fluid into the joint cavity for lubrication

103
Q

Meninges

A

Are connective tissue membranes around the brain and spinal cord

Anatomy & Physiology & Medical Terminology (7 decks)

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