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PSYCH 85 > Learning + Memory > Flashcards

Learning + Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the three main memory processes?

A
  1. encoding: processes used to store information in memory
  2. storage: processes used to maintain information in memory
    - rehearsal and elaboration
  3. retrieval: processes used to get information back out of the memory
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2
Q

define

iconic memory

A

information from our senses

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3
Q

define

short-term/working memory

A

what is currently in mind/what are we doing with that information

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4
Q

define

long-term memory

A

‘stored’ information

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5
Q

what is chunking?

A

breaking things into smaller amounts of information via grouping

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6
Q

what is rehearsal?

A

allows us to keep information in short-term memory longer

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7
Q

what are the two main serial position effects?

A
  1. primacy
  2. recency
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8
Q

define

primacy effect

A

remembering the first few words
-sent to LTM

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9
Q

define

recency effect

A

remembering the last few words
-still in STM

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10
Q

what are the two types of interference?

A
  1. proactive
  2. retroactive
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11
Q

define

proactive interference

A

when stored knowledge (LTM) interferes with the ability to learn new information

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12
Q

define

retroactive interference

A

new learning interferes with old learning

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13
Q

what is the capacity and duration of long-term memory?

A

unlimited (as far as we know)

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14
Q

what are the two types of long term memory?

A
  1. declarative
  2. non-declarative
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15
Q

contrast

declarative memory and non-declarative memory

A

declarative: explicit, you can express it verbally and are consciously aware of it
- facts usually
non-declarative: implicit memory, expressed behaviorally
- skills, learned responses

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16
Q

what are the two types of declarative memory?

A
  1. episodic: discrete events, context information
  2. semantic: facts and general knowledge
    - no context really, (you dont remember where or when you learned the information)
17
Q

name three types of non-declarative memory

A
  1. procedural: motor skill learning (riding a bike), automatic cognitive skills (reading)
  2. priming: perceptual or conceptual
  3. conditioning
18
Q

who is Patient H.M. and what is his story?

A

Henry Molaison (1926):
- suffered severe seisures
- had to remove the medial temporal lobe at 27, where the seizures were localized
- he had severe memory impairments

Could NOT remember:
- people he had met before
- conversations he had before
- some information before surgery
- names of people he met after surgery

Could:
- remember most information from before surgery
- perform short-term memory tasks
- improve motor learning tasks (procedural memory)
- experience priming and conditioning

19
Q

what are the two main types of amnesia?

A
  1. retrograde: can’t remember things in the past
  2. anterograde: new information cannot be learned
20
Q

what did patient HM and other amnesic patients teach us about how memory works?

A
  1. STM and LTM are different systems that rely on different braina reas
  2. explicit LTM is reliant on different brain areas than implicit
  3. the hippocampus/medial temporal lobe strucutes are vitially important for consolidation
21
Q

what is memory consolidation?

A

moving info from STM to LTM
- hippocampus holds info for a while and ‘teaches’ it to the rest of the cortex

22
Q

what is hebb’s rule?

A

neurons that fire together, wire together

23
Q

where are memories ‘stored’ in the brain?

A

over time, memories may be transferred away from the hippocampus and into a pattern of activation in the cortex

24
Q

what is the atkinson & shiffrin modal model?

A

environmental input -> sensory memory (->attention->) short term (->consolidation->) long-term memory

25
Q

what are some problems with the modal model?

A
  1. there is evidence for multiple STM systems
    - auditory info interferes less with visual performance than visual info
    - vice versa
    - example: music interferes less with driving than texting/reading off your phone
  2. when we hold info in mind, we often want to actually do something with that info
26
Q

what is the baddelley & hitch working memory mode?

A

central executive -> (visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, phonological loop) -> (visual knowledge, episodic long-term, language)

27
Q

what is the central executive?

baddeley and hitch working memory model

A

directs and controls WM functions
- CEO of attention
- directs, divides, and switches attention

28
Q

what is the phonological loop?

A

auditory working memory system

29
Q

what is the visuospatial sketchpad?

A

visual and spatial working memory system

30
Q

what is the episodic buffer?

A

working memory system that binds pieces of information together into a single event

PSYCH 85 (6 decks)

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