Learning English Flashcards
to brought up
to bring (a person) to maturity through nurturing care and education
Ex: There is where I was born and brought up.
lodging
temporary accommodation.
Ex: At the moment I’m lodging with a family in this town.
reckon
to consider or have the opinion that something is as stated:
Ex 1: She reckoned they were both equally e1: responsible.
Ex 2: I reckon that at this rate, next year we’ll have about 80.
Ex 3: She reckoned they were both equally responsible.
problem vs. trouble
Problem means ‘a situation that causes diffi culties and that needs to be dealt with’. You can talk about a problem or problems.
Ex 1: Tell me what the problem is.
Ex 2: He’s having a few problems at work.
Trouble means ‘problems, diffi culties or worries’ and is used to talk about problems in a more general way. Trouble is almost always uncountable, so do not use the determiner a before it.
Ex 1: We had some trouble while we were on holiday.
affect vs. effect
Affect is a verb which means ‘to cause a change’.
Ex 1: Pollution seriously affects the environment
Use the noun effect to talk about the change, reaction or result caused by something.
Ex 1: Global warming is one of the effects of pollution.
concierge
usually a multilingual hotel staff member who handles luggage and mail, makes reservations, and arranges tours
bell captain
a hotel employee who supervises the work of bellhops
(bellhops = a person in a hotel employed to carry bags, open doors, etc. for guests)
pressed
ironing
Ex 1: I’d like to have some shirts pressed.
envelope
a usually rectangular paper container for a letter.
Ex 1: Don’t forget to put a stamp on the envelope.
Ex 2: You do have a large envelope.
deed
something a person does, especially something that is very good or bad.
Ex 1: the famous Chinese philosopher, would say that happiness is the joy obtained from learning about humanity through social relationships and good deeds.
graft
to add something very different to something, so that it becomes part of it
Ex 1: Grafting modern research onto Confucian philosophy, we can go back to our original question and say that happiness is a very personal combination of genetics, actions, and beliefs.
devote
to use all or most of your time and effort in order to do something or help someone
Ex 1: he said that rather than devoting attention to unhappiness, psychology needed to change direction and focus instead on people for whom everything was going well.
esteem
a feeling of respect for someone, or a good opinion of someone
Ex 1: there is a positive correlation between religious commitment and higher levels of perceived well-being and self-esteem
longing
desire, wish, want
Ex 1: Happiness is a life without longing.
instinctively
occurring because of a natural tendency to behave
in a particular way or a natural ability to know something that is not learned
gripped
deeply engaged, interested
Ex 1: Do you ever find yourself so completely gripped by what you are doing that you lose track of time?
fiercely
energetically and with strong feelings
Ex 1: This could apply to a basketball player absorbed in perfecting a shot, or a violinist fiercely
concentrating on a piece of music.
overcome
unable to act or think in the usual way
Ex 1: His muscles might have ached during his most memorable races, his lungs might have felt like they would explode, and he might have felt overcome with tiredness.
drift
to move slowly on water or in the air
tension
the difference between the needs or influences of two things, which causes problems
Ex 1: What this means is that we should not aim for a life without stress or tension because these pressures actually encourage us to strive toward self-fulfillment, or the achievement of our hopes and ambitions.
worthwhile
valuable, meaningful
Ex 1: These moments are when the body or mind is voluntarily stretched to its limits in order to accomplish something difficult and worthwhile.
strive
make every effort, try hard
Ex 1: What this means is that we should not aim for a life without stress or tension because these pressures actually encourage us to strive toward self-fulfillment, or the achievement of our hopes and ambitions.
trivial
not valuable, unimportant
Ex 1: It can be very easy to fill your time with trivial tasks and finish the day realizing you haven’t done very much at all.
leaflets
جزوات
handouts
likewise
in the same way; also.
Ex 1: Likewise, their personal situation is important: ….
domestic
existing or occurring inside a particular country; not foreign or international.
Ex 1: Social satisfaction (including family and relationship satisfaction): domestic disputes, divorce rates, social discrimination, crime rates
exposure
the state of having no protection from something harmful.
awareness, contact, familiarity
Ex 1: On the one hand, such technological exposure might let in outside values and vices.
ex 2: the dangers posed by exposure to asbestos
prosperity
when people have money and everything that is needed for a good life
Ex 1: It is a widely held myth that material prosperity makes people happy.
relevant
concerned with important subjects
Ex 1: They also feel their work is valuable and relevant.
outlook
general attitude toward life
Ex 1: Mental health: positive outlook, self-esteem
disputes
disagreements
Ex 1: The border disputes between China and Russia were largely solved by the 1991 Sino-Russian Border Agreement.
foster
encourage
Ex 1: The coach tried to foster a positive attitude toward early morning practices.
Conservation
protection
Ex 1: Conservation of our forests and other natural landscapes will allow our children to enjoy them in the future.
vice
bad habit or illegal activity
Ex 1:Smoking is considered a dangerous vice by most doctors.
dictate
to control or influence something, or to tell people exactly what they must do
Ex 1: : to control or influence something, or to tell people exactly what they must do
engagement
involvement with something or some activity, usually because it is interesting or important
Ex 1:Britain has a long history of engagement with the rest of the world
preserve
to make something continue without changing
Ex 1: The company has proposed freezing pay in order to preserve jobs
vastly
very much
Ex 1: The director’s new movie is vastly different from anything he has made before.
spoil
to have a bad effect on something, so that it is no longer attractive, enjoyable, useful, etc.
Ex 1: One bad apple in a basket can spoil all of the rest if it is not removed.
tackle
to deal with a difficult problem
Ex 1:He decided to tackle his weight problem by walking several miles every day.
incline
willing
Ex 1: Those people were more inclined to live abroad more than the two other groups.
rink
پیست بازی
Ex 1: People go there to ice skate on the famous rink.
itinerary
برنامه سفر
questionnaire
پرسشنامه
be very much something
used for emphasizing that a description of someone or something is very accurate or true
Ex 1: We’re very much a family, and we stick together.
Ex 2: Palmer is very much the man in charge of the team.
Ex 3: Fox-hunting had always been very much the sport of the ruling class.
initiative
the ability to assess and initiate things independently.
ابتکار عمل
Ex 1: What initiative have worked for you and which one haven’t been so successful.
crude
not developed to a high standard, or made with little skill:
Ex 1: a crude wooden bridge
Ex 2: crude workmanship
Ex 3: Early humans were crude people.
articulation
the act of making a sound or of speaking words
Ex 1: passing air could be controlled by the tongue, making the articulation of a wide range of sounds and rhythms possible.
rhythm
a regular, repeated pattern of sound or movement
Ex 1: passing air could be controlled by the tongue, making the articulation of a wide range of sounds and rhythms possible.
indiscriminate
بی حساب، بی رویه
an action that is done without thinking about the
harm it might cause
Ex 1: These were not indiscriminate knife marks, but lines cut in a careful pattern.
chamber
an enclosed space, especially in your body or
inside a machine
Ex 1: This lowering provided a larger sound chamber (the space in the throat and the mouth)
possess
own, have, belong to
Ex 1: If ancient humans had the imagination to create a work of art (which in itself is a means of communication), then it seems highly likely that they would possess the primary means of communication: language.
intriguing
fascinating, interesting, exciting
Ex 1: He found many well-made tools, but more intriguing were the 8,000 pieces of ochre, a soft stone that can be turned into paint.
deliberate
on purpose, planned, intentional
Ex 1: These were not indiscriminate knife marks, but lines cut in a careful pattern. In other words, it was a deliberate artistic design.
congestion
overcrowding
Ex 1: Traffic congestion on a freeway.
stalled
متوقف شده
Ex 1: There are two stalled cars.
perception
the way that you notice things with your senses of sight, hearing, etc.
Ex 1: The word synesthesia comes from the Greek words syn (meaning together) and aesthesis (meaning perception) and means “joined perception.”
refined
improved in order to make something more effective
Ex 1: It is only when our brain develops that the boundaries between each of our senses become more refined.
revival
when something becomes active or strong again
Ex 1: Medical science has known about synesthesia for several centuries, but this revival of interest has increased our understanding.
auditory
hearing, audio
Ex 1:
People with an auditory learning style prefer to learn through listening, and make up perhaps 25 percent of the population.
bubbly
cheerful, full-of-life
Ex 1: bubbly people are usually popular because of their fun-loving and exciting personalities.
disillusioned
disappointed, depressed
Ex 1: As the cost of gasoline goes ever higher, many people are becoming disillusioned with large, inefficient cars.
portrayal
representation, description
Ex 1: portrayal of the San Francisco politician Harvey Milk in the movie Milk.
prominent
famous, well-known
Ex 1: Archbishop Desmond Tutu from South Africa is one of the most prominent advocates of peaceful change in politics.
seep
leak, flow slowly
The water from the overflowing bathtub began to seep through the floor, then into the ceiling of the apartment below.
seep
leak, flow slowly
The water from the overflowing bathtub began to seep through the floor, then into the ceiling of the apartment below.
spontaneously
without planning, suddenly
Ex 1: The audience spontaneously began to cheer when the governor stepped onto the stage to speak.
wobbly
shaky, unstable
Ex 1: The wobblyleg on the chair caused the woman to fall off and hit her head
sniff
smell, breathe in
Ex 1: Scratch and sniff cards in magazines allow perfume companies to market their product in a way that targets more than one of the senses.
aggravation
feeling of being annoyed
Ex 1: The noise from the roadwork was causing so much aggravation for nearby residents that they made a formal complaint to the city council.
provisional
likely or able to be changed in the future
Ex 1: At this early stage in the semester, you only need to give your teacher a provisional topic for your final presentation.
trim
reduce the number, amount, or size of something
Ex 1: The government’s plan to trim spending included cuts to the higher education budget
prompted
caused something to happen or be done
Ex 1: The cold weather has prompted a rush to travel websites to book warm-weather vacations
speculate
to guess about the possible causes or effects of something, without knowing all the facts or details
Ex 1: I really shouldn’t speculate, but I do think that the coach is thinking of cutting your son and mine from the baseball team.
deprivation
a lack of something that you need in order to be healthy, comfortable, or happy
Ex 1: Healthy eating doesn’t have to be about deprivation. You can include anything in your diet as long as it isn’t eaten to excess.
conventional
based on or in accordance with what is generally done or believed.
مرسوم
Ex 1: a conventional morality had dictated behavior
misleading
giving the wrong idea or impression
گمراه کننده
Ex 1: your article contains a number of misleading statements
nutritious
nourishing; efficient as food
مغذی
Ex 1: like all spinach, it is very nutritious and best when young
imitate
take or follow as a model
تقلید کردن
Ex 1: his style was imitated by many other writers
literate
(of a person) able to read and write
باسواد
Ex 1: their parents were uneducated and barely literate
bereft
deprived of or lacking (something).
Ex 1: her room was stark and bereft of color
albeit
although.
Ex 1: he was making progress, albeit rather slowly
perceive
become aware or conscious of (something); come to realize or understand.
Ex 1: his mouth fell open as he perceived the truth
resent
feel bitterness or indignation at (a circumstance, action, or person).
Ex 1: she resented the fact that I had children
subtle
نامحسوس
(especially of a change or distinction) so delicate or precise as to be difficult to analyze or describe.
Ex 1: his language expresses rich and subtle meanings
accustomed
customary; usual.
خو گرفته
Ex 1: his accustomed route
expatriate
a person who lives outside their native country.
مهاجر
Ex 1: American expatriates in London
racial
relating to the major groupings into which humankind is sometimes divided on the basis of physical characteristics or shared ancestry.
نژادی
Ex 1: a racial minority
lain
pp of lie
prawn
میگو
shellfish
صدف
shelf life
the length of time for which an item remains usable, fit for consumption, or saleable.
Ex 1: the shelf life of fresh pasta
whopping
very large.
Ex 1: a whopping $74 million loss
evolve
develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complex form.
تکامل یافتن
Ex 1: the company has evolved into a major chemical manufacturer
circumference
the enclosing boundary of a curved geometric figure, especially a circle.
پیرامون، دور
impoverish
make (a person or area) poor.
Ex 1: they discourage investment and impoverish their people
eschew
deliberately avoid using; abstain from.
اجتناب کردن
Ex 1: he appealed to the crowd to eschew violence
sought
PP. seek
attempt to find (something).
جستجو کردن
Ex 1: they came here to seek shelter from biting winter winds
intrepid
fearless; adventurous (often used for rhetorical or humorous effect).
Ex 1: our intrepid reporter
expedition
a journey or voyage undertaken by a group of people with a particular purpose, especially that of exploration, scientific research, or war.
اعزام
Ex 1: an expedition to the jungles of the Orinoco
avail
help or benefit.
فایده، سود
Ex 1: no amount of struggle availed Charles
disposal
the action or process of throwing away or getting rid of something, access
Ex 1: the disposal of radioactive waste
viable
capable of working successfully; feasible.
Ex 1: the proposed investment was economically viable
trek
journey, long, trip voyage
Ex 1: star trek
spark
start, launch, set in motion
Ex 1: his sparked the “Trekkie” phenomenon, with a total of six television series and eleven movies as of 2009.
feasible
practical, workable, possible
Ex 1: Although transporters, time-travel machines, and the like are not currently feasible, other equipment seems viable and may be developed during our lifetimes.
dubious
hesitating or doubting.
Ex 1: Alex looked dubious, but complied
Ex 2: many of the Star Trek technologies that seemed dubious or impossible only a few decades ago
convenient
handy, practical, useful
Ex 1:The first mobile phones were hardly convenient
dissolve
melt, liquefy, soften
Ex 1: This dissolves and eliminates the diseased area.
cope
handle, deal with, manage
immersion
the action of immersing someone or something in a liquid.
Ex 1: his back was still raw from immersion in the icy Atlantic Ocean
handheld
دستی
designed to be held in the hand.
Ex 1: a handheld computer
nudge
تکان دادن
prod (someone) gently, typically with one’s elbow, in order to draw their attention to something.
Ex 1: people were nudging each other and pointing at me
moderation
اعتدال
the avoidance of excess or extremes, especially in one’s behavior or political opinions.
Ex 1: he urged them to show moderation
encounter
to experience or deal with something
Ex 1: ordinary people would especially benefit from nudges when encountering any of the following five situations
beware
be careful, be cautious
Ex 1: Visitors to Australia should beware of the Sydney funnel-web spider, which is highly poisonous to humans.
gently
softly, carefully
Ex 1: The nurse gently gave the newborn baby to its mother to hold for the first time.
impose
force, oblige
Ex 1: The International Monetary Fund imposes stricter lending conditions on the country because of its corruption.
indulge
have something nice, treat
Ex 1: After a hard week of work, it is good to indulge yourself on the weekend.
bland
ملایم
lacking strong features or characteristics and therefore uninteresting.
Ex 1: rebelling against the bland uniformity
modestly
متواضعانه
in an unassuming manner; without vanity or arrogance.
Ex 1: he modestly shrugged off the tributes from his manager
inspection
بازرسی
careful examination or scrutiny.
Ex 1: on closer inspection it looked like a fossil
instinct
غریزه
incentive
مشوق
a thing that motivates or encourages one to do something.
Ex 1: there is no incentive for customers to conserve water
passionate
liking something a lot
Ex 1: Record Store Day is a campaign by people who are passionate about records to get other people reacquainted with their local record shops.
hassle
something that is annoying, because it causes problems or is difficult to do
Ex 1: When my computer broke down, I had to go to the library to do all of my homework. It was such a hassle.
sting
sharp but usually temporary physical or emotional pain
Ex 1: The sting of not being invited to the party upset her until she realized she was now free to go to the play she wanted to see.
ornamental
designed to make something look attractive rather than to be used for a particular purpose
Ex 1: The ornamental lions that sit outside City Hall are a popular meeting spot for friends going out for the evening.
offset
to use one cost, payment, or amount of something to cancel or reduce the effect of another
Ex 1: The company used profits from the sale of the land to offset losses from low sales.
sole
کف پا، تنها
the undersurface of a person’s foot.
Ex 1: the soles of their feet were nearly black with dirt
floral
of flowers.
Ex 1: celebrations of the season’s floral abundance
rebate
a partial refund to someone who has paid too much money for tax, rent, or a utility
Ex 1: the scheme eases the move to the council tax by giving rebates in the first year
bedchamber
اتاق خواب
spectator
تماشاگر
appraisal
ارزیابی
an act of assessing something or someone.
Ex 1: the report has been subject to appraisal
counterpart
a person or thing holding a position or performing a function that corresponds to that of another person or thing in another place.
Ex 1: the minister held talks with his French counterpart
wry
using or expressing dry, especially mocking, humor.
Ex 1: a wry smile
fixtures
وسایل
inhale
استنشاق
fraternity
a group of people sharing a common profession or interests.
Ex 1: members of the hunting fraternity
motto
شعار
Ex 1: the school motto, “Serve and obey”
rational
based on or in accordance with reason or logic.
Ex 1: I’m sure there’s a perfectly rational explanation
dispense
توزیع
distribute or provide (a service or information) to a number of people.
Ex 1: he dispensed a gentle pat on Claude’s back
immutable
unchanging over time or unable to be changed.
Ex 1: an immutable fact
fidget
بی قرار
make small movements, especially of the hands and feet, through nervousness or impatience.
Ex 1: the audience had begun to fidget on their chairs
superficial
سطحی
existing or occurring at or on the surface.
Ex 1: the building suffered only superficial damage
exposure
the state of being exposed to contact with something.
Ex 1: the dangers posed by exposure to asbestos
immerse
dip or submerge in a liquid.
Ex 1: immerse the paper in water for twenty minutes
inherent
ذاتی
existing in something as a permanent, essential, or characteristic attribute.
Ex 1: any form of mountaineering has its inherent dangers
consolidate
تحکیم
make (something) physically stronger or more solid.
Ex 1: the first phase of the project is to consolidate the outside walls
collate
collect and combine (texts, information, or sets of figures) in proper order.
Ex 1: all the information obtained is being collated
to trip someone
If you trip someone who is walking or running, you put your foot or something else in front of them, so that they knock their own foot against it and fall or nearly fall.
Ex 1: One guy stuck his foot out and tried to trip me.
Sprained ankle
A sprained ankle is an injury that occurs when you roll, twist or turn your ankle in an awkward way.
Ex 1: I think my ankle sprained.
ample
enough or more than enough; plentiful.
Ex 1: there is ample time for discussion
sweat
to have drops of salty liquid come out through
your skin because you are hot, ill, frightened, or
exercising
beads of sweat broke out on her brow
obsession
وسواس
the state of being obsessed with someone or something.
Ex 1: she cared for him with a devotion bordering on obsession
tuck
چفت کردن
push, fold, or turn (the edges or ends of something, especially a garment or bedclothes) so as to hide them or hold them in place.
Ex 1: he tucked his shirt into his trousers
portrait
پرتره
a painting, drawing, or photograph of a person
Ex 1: a portrait of George III
necessity
obligation, need, requirement
the fact of being required or indispensable.
Ex 1: the necessity of providing parental guidance should be apparent
convey
pass on, transmit, give
transport or carry to a place.
Ex 1: pipes were laid to convey water to the house
fertility
fruitfulness, richness, productiveness
the quality of being fertile; productiveness.
Ex 1: improve the soil fertility by adding compost
circulation
flow, movement, distribution
movement to and fro or around something, especially that of fluid in a closed system.
Ex 1: an extra pump for good water circulation
ally
combine, group, unite
sceptical
مشکوک
not easily convinced; having doubts or reservations.
Ex 1: the public were deeply skeptical about some of the proposals
staggering
سرسام آور
deeply shocking; astonishing.
the staggering bills for maintenance and repair
proponent
طرفدار
a person who advocates a theory, proposal, or project.
Ex 1: a collection of essays by both critics and proponents of graphology
irrigation of sth
آبیاری
the supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically by means of channels.
Ex 1: the river supplies water for irrigation of agricultural crops
lush
سرسبز
(of vegetation) growing luxuriantly.
Ex 1: lush greenery and cultivated fields
coal-fired
زغال سنگ
to be tidal
جز و مد
Ex 1: the river here is not tidal
pale
a skin color that is very white, or whiter than it usually is, light in color or having little color.
Ex 1: choose pale floral patterns for walls
mercury
a heavy, silver-white, poisonous metal that is liquid at ordinary temperatures
Ex 1: Early forms of white face powder contained lead, mercury, and arsenic, which are highly poisonous.
wax
a solid substance made of fat or oil and used to make candles
alongside
with, next to
Ex 1: The popularity of ringtone downloads has developed alongside advances in cell phone technology
marital
ازدواج (adj.)
mud
گل و لای
soft, sticky matter resulting from the mixing of earth and water.
Ex 1: ankle deep in mud, we squelched across a meadow
perfume
scent, aroma
Ex 1: The perfume of freshly cut flowers completely filled the room.
invading
invade
مهاجم
حمله کردن
Ex 1: The Roman Empire lasted more than 400 years and finally fell to invading tribes from the north.
hut
کلبه
barren
بی ثمر، عقیم
(of land) too poor to produce much or any vegetation.
Ex 1: the plains of Kyrenia were barren
colonial
استعماری
relating to or characteristic of a colony or colonies.
Ex 1: British colonial rule
lotion
لوسیون
a thick, smooth liquid preparation designed to be applied to the skin for medicinal or cosmetic purposes.
Ex 1: itching can be relieved with calamine lotion or antihistamine tablets
habitat
زیستگاه
the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism.
Ex 1: wild chimps in their natural habitat
refreshments
تنقلات
Ex 1: our crew will be serving refreshments.
crammed
فشرده
completely fill (a place or container) to the point that it appears to be overflowing.
Ex 1: the ashtray by the bed was crammed with cigarette butts
Ex 2: I was crammed between those two.
wandered
walk or move in a leisurely, casual, or aimless way.
Ex 1: he wandered aimlessly through the narrow streets
composition
the nature of something’s ingredients or constituents; the way in which a whole or mixture is made up.
Ex 1: the social composition of villages
Ex 2: The color of a star depends on its chemical composition and its mass
cuddling
hold close in one’s arms as a way of showing love or affection.
Ex 1: he cuddles the baby close
Ex 2: She had fallen asleep cuddling her favorite doll
objective
واقع گرایانه
Ex 1: It’s always difficult to be objective about an issue as sensitive as the death penalty.
offender
مجرم
a person who commits an illegal act.
Ex 1: an institution for juvenile offenders
envisage
پیشبینی
to form a picture or idea in your mind about what something might be like
Ex 1: I cannot envisage what life will be like in fifty years
elaborate
having a lot of small parts or details put together in a complicated way
Ex 1: Elaborate paintings by the aboriginal people of Australia are extremely valuable
distinguish
to recognize and understand the difference between two or more things or people
Ex 1: A tiny baby soon learns to distinguish its mother’s face from other adults’ faces.
recollect
to be able to remember something
Ex 1: I do not recollect ever having been to Fargo, although my mother says we went there when I was a child.
summon
authoritatively or urgently call on (someone) to be present, especially as a defendant or witness in a law court.
Ex 1: the Pope summoned Anselm to Rome
Ex 2: I had to summon all of my courage to walk past the barking dogs.
furnish
to supply or provide something
Ex 1: Applicants for a driver’s license must furnish proof of their identity.
pinpoint
مشخص کردن
Ex 1: They began to pinpoint something that we don’t know.
deterrent
بازدارنده
a thing that discourages or is intended to discourage someone from doing something.
Ex 1:
wry
عصبانی
using or expressing dry, especially mocking, humor.
Ex 1: a wry smile
glacier
یخچال طبیعی
boreal
شمالی
of the north or northern regions.
stockpile
انبار کردن
a large accumulated stock of goods or materials, especially one held in reserve for use at a time of shortage or other emergency.
Ex 1: a stockpile of sandbags was being prepared
beneath
در زیر
at a lower level or layer than.
Ex 1: beneath this floor there’s a cellar
thaw
(of ice, snow, or another frozen substance, such as food) become liquid or soft as a result of warming.
Ex 1: the river thawed and barges of food began to reach the capital
infestation
آلودگی
the presence of an unusually large number of insects or animals in a place, typically so as to cause damage or disease.
Ex 1: infestation with head lice is widespread
harvest
محصول
the process or period of gathering in crops.
Ex 1: helping with the harvest
sequester
جدا کردن
isolate or hide away.
Ex 1: Tiberius was sequestered on an island
arable
قابل کشت
(of land) used or suitable for growing crops.
Ex 1: acres of arable land
neglect
fail to care for properly.
Ex 1: the old churchyard has been sadly neglected
Ex 2: The police charged her with animal neglect.
sue
شکایت کردن
institute legal proceedings against (a person or institution), typically for redress.
Ex 1: she is to sue the baby’s father
Ex 2: He decide to sue his employers
pile up
an accumulation of a specified thing.
Ex 1: a massive pileup of data
dwell time
time spent in the same position, area, stage of a process, etc.
Ex 1: dwell time at US airports has reached a new high—almost 70 minutes
fish monger
ماهی فروش
a person or store that sells fish for food.
deli
اغذیه فروشی
short for delicatessen.
overdraft
a deficit in a bank account caused by drawing more money than the account holds.
when I left Cambridge I had a $900 overdraft
forge
ساخته
make or shape (a metal object) by heating it in a ex 1: fire or furnace and beating or hammering it.
he forged a great suit of black armor
ex 2: It is hard to forge
payment slip
فیش پرداخت
orientate
جهت گیری
soap operas
a television or radio drama series dealing typically with daily events in the lives of the same group of characters.
sitcom
a situation comedy.
knack
an acquired or natural skill at performing a task.
ex 1: she got the knack of it in the end
jargon
اصطلاحات تخصصی
special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.
ex 1: legal jargon
(to) breed
(تولید مثل کردن) نژاد
(of animals) mate and then produce offspring.
ex 1: toads are said to return to the pond of their birth to breed
contemporary
1
living or occurring at the same time.
ex 1: the event was recorded by a contemporary historian
2
belonging to or occurring in the present.
ex 1: the tension and complexities of our contemporary society
barbaric
savagely cruel; exceedingly brutal.
ex 1: he had carried out barbaric acts in the name of war
discernment
تشخیص
the ability to judge well.
ex 1: an astonishing lack of discernment
reputable
having a good reputation.
ex 1: a reputable company
settle
حل کردن
resolve or reach an agreement about (an argument or problem).
ex 1: every effort was made to settle the dispute
constitute
be (a part) of a whole.
ex 1: single parents constitute a great proportion of the poor
vending machine
دستگاه فروش خودکار
a machine that dispenses small articles such as food, drinks, or cigarettes when a coin, bill, or token is inserted.
vent
1
an opening that allows air, gas, or liquid to pass out of or into a confined space.
ex 1: remove any debris blocking the vents
2
the expression or release of a strong emotion, energy, etc.
children give vent to their anger in various ways
refurbish
مرمت کردن
renovate and redecorate (something, especially a building).
ex 1: the premises have been completely refurbished in our corporate style
controversial
بحث برانگیز
giving rise or likely to give rise to public disagreement.
ex1: years of wrangling over a controversial bypass
scandal
رسوایی
an action or event regarded as morally or legally wrong and causing general public outrage.
ex 1: a bribery scandal involving one of his key supporters
unprecedented
بی سابقه
never done or known before.
ex 1: Eighty years later that same manufacturer created another controversial swimsuit, and an
unprecedented 108 swimming world records were broken in the same year.
gravel
small stones used to make a surface for things such as paths and roads
ex 1: High-tech track designs with
larger gravel run-off areas and cushioned
safety barriers have reduced spectator risk.
cushioned
designed to soften the impact of one thing hitting
another
ex 1: High-tech track designs with
larger gravel run-off areas and cushioned
safety barriers have reduced spectator risk.
barrier
a fence or other obstacle that prevents movement or access.
ex 1: the mountain barrier between Norway and Sweden
alike
comparable, equal, similar
(of two or more subjects) similar to each other.
ex 1: the brothers were very much alike
dwelling
abode, home, residence
a house, apartment, or other place of residence.
ex 1: the proposed dwelling is out of keeping with those nearby
cohort
گروه
a group of people banded together or treated as a group.
a cohort of civil servants patiently drafting legislation
unravel
investigate and solve or explain (something complicated or puzzling).
ex 1: they were attempting to unravel the cause of death
deception
deceit
فریب
the action of deceiving someone.
ex 1: obtaining property by deception
conduct
the manner in which a person behaves, especially on a particular occasion or in a particular context.
ex 1: all three brothers were known for their disorderly conduct
profound
عمیق
(of a state, quality, or emotion) very great or intense.
ex 1: profound feelings of disquiet
scepticism
شک و تردید
a skeptical attitude; doubt as to the truth of something.
ex 1: these claims were treated with skepticism
compelling
متقاعد کننده
evoking interest, attention, or admiration in a powerfully irresistible way.
ex 1: his eyes were strangely compelling
devise
تدبیر
plan or invent (a complex procedure, system, or mechanism) by careful thought.
ex 1: a training program should be devised
avert
turn away (one’s eyes or thoughts).
ex 1: she averted her eyes during the more violent scenes
gaze
خیره شدن
look steadily and intently, especially in admiration, surprise, or thought.
ex 1: he could only gaze at her in astonishment
falsehood
دروغ
the state of being untrue.
ex 1: the truth or falsehood of the many legends that surround her
amid
در میان
surrounded by; in the middle of.
ex 1: our dream home, set amid magnificent rolling countryside
halve
نصف کردن
divide into two parts of equal or roughly equal size.
ex 1: peel and halve the pears
spiral
مارپیچ
grumble
غر زدن
to keep complaining in an unhappy way
ex 1: his father was grumbling that he hadn’t heard from him
rip
to remove something quickly and violently,
tear or pull (something) quickly or forcibly away from something or someone.
ex 1: a fan tried to rip his pants off during a show
devastating
very damaging or destructive
ex 1: a devastating cyclone struck Bangladesh
exaggeration
overstatement, embellishment
a statement that represents something as better or worse than it really is.
ex 1: it would be an exaggeration to say I had morning sickness, but I did feel queasy
anxious
worried, apprehensive
experiencing worry, unease, or nervousness, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome.
ex 1: she was extremely anxious about her exams
mounting
growing, escalating
ex 1: There was mounting pressure for the president to tackle the issue of health care reform.
vigorous
strong, energetic
strong, healthy, and full of energy.
Environmentalists have launched vigorous campaign to fight against the timber company’s plan to cut down the whole forest
invasion
تهاجم
an instance of invading a country or region with an armed force.
ex 1: in 1546 England had to be defended from invasion
instilling
القا کردن
gradually but firmly establish (an idea or attitude, especially a desirable one) in a person’s mind.
ex1: how do we instill a sense of rightness in today’s youth?
seizure
the action of capturing someone or something using force.
the seizure of the Assembly building
salvation
رستگاری
preservation or deliverance from harm, ruin, or loss.
they try to sell it to us as economic salvation
to halt sth
متوقف
bring or come to an abrupt stop.
ex 1: there is growing pressure to halt the bloodshed
crumble
فرو ریختن
break or fall apart into small fragments, especially over a period of time as part of a process of deterioration.
ex 1: the plaster started to crumble
ex 2: The Roman Empire began to crumble in 180 C.E.
colonize
_to start living somewhere in large numbers
_(of a country or its citizens) send a group of settlers to (a place) and establish political control over it.
ex 1: Dead trees are frequently colonized by ants.
ex 2: the Greeks colonized Sicily and southern Italy
publicize
عمومی کردن
make (something) widely known.
ex 1: use the magazine to publicize human rights abuses
outline
a line around the edge of something that shows its shape
ex 1: An outline of the murder victim’s body was still visible on the sidewalk
thorny
complicated and difficult
ex 1: What to buy them for their wedding gift was a thorny issue since there were so many choices.
accusation
اتهام
a charge or claim that someone has done something illegal or wrong.
ex 1: accusations of bribery
intruder
مزاحم
a person who intrudes, especially into a building with criminal intent.
ex 1: the intruder had pulled out drawers and dumped their contents on the floor
steak a glance of sth/someone
دزدکی نگاه کردن چیزی یا کسی
camouflage
hide or disguise the presence of (a person, animal, or object) by means of camouflage.
ex 1: the war area had to be camouflaged with mud
re-enact
act out (a past event).
bombers were gathered together to re-enact the historic first air attack
authoritative
معتبر
able to be trusted as being accurate or true; reliable.
ex 1: clear, authoritative information and advice
yield
give way to arguments, demands, or pressure.
ex 1: the Western powers now yielded when they should have resisted
wield
اعمال کردن
hold and use (a weapon or tool).
ex1: a masked raider wielding a handgun
flinch
make a quick, nervous movement as an instinctive reaction to fear, pain, or surprise.
she flinched at the acidity in his voice
instigating
تحریک کننده
bring about or initiate (an action or event).
they instigated a reign of terror
shrug off
شانه بالا انداختن
ex 1: It wasn’t sth they could just shrug off.
nurture
پرورش دادن
care for and encourage the growth or development of.
Jarrett was nurtured by his parents in a close-knit family
dethroned
remove (a ruler, especially a monarch) from power.
ex 1: in January 1831 the Poles dethroned the Romanovs
hamper
مانع
hinder or impede the movement or progress of.
ex 1: their work is hampered by lack of funds
naughty
شیطون
(especially of children) disobedient; badly behaved.
ex 1: you’ve been a really naughty boy
diligent
کوشا
having or showing care and conscientiousness in one’s work or duties.
ex 1: many caves are located only after a diligent search
transcend
فراتر رفتن، برتری یافتن
be or go beyond the range or limits of (something abstract, typically a conceptual field or division).
ex 1: I know it is hard to transcend the tags you earn when you were born.
saddling
زین کردن
put a saddle on (a horse).
he was in the stable saddling up his horse
ex 1: Abut saddling a child with labels according to the birth order.
connotation
مفهوم
an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.
ex 1: the word “discipline” has unhappy connotations of punishment and repression
ex 2: We can overcome any negative connotations around birth order.
revolt
شورش
_rise in rebellion.
_when strong and often violent action is taken
against something, particularly the government
ex 1: the insurgents revolted and had to be suppressed
splendid
excellent
magnificent; very impressive.
ex 1: a splendid view of Windsor Castle
reformation
اصلاحات
the action or process of reforming an institution or practice.
ex 1: The reformation of government.
evident
مشهود
plain or obvious; clearly seen or understood.
obvious, apparent
ex 1: she ate the cookies with evident enjoyment
horrendous
extremely unpleasant, horrifying, or terrible.
ex 1: she suffered horrendous injuries
superb
excellent.
ex 1: a superb performance
era
عصر
a long and distinct period of history with a particular feature or characteristic.
ex 1: his death marked the end of an era
solidarity
همبستگی
unity or agreement of feeling or action, especially among individuals with a common interest; mutual support within a group.
ex 1: factory workers voiced solidarity with the striking students
solidarity
همبستگی
unity or agreement of feeling or action, especially among individuals with a common interest; mutual support within a group.
ex 1: factory workers voiced solidarity with the striking students
devotion
love, loyalty, or enthusiasm for a person, activity, or cause.
ex 1:his courage and devotion to duty never wavered
cultivate
پرورش دادن
ex 1: She cultivated her image
banqueting
ضیافت
an elaborate and formal meal for many people.
ex 1: the Austrian emperor’s lavish banquets
banquet
ضیافت
an elaborate and formal meal for many people.
ex 1: the Austrian emperor’s lavish banquets
gasp
گاز
inhale suddenly with the mouth open, out of pain or astonishment.
ex 1: a woman gasped in horror at the sight of him
tapering
becoming thinner or narrower towards one end.
ex 1: the five tapering fingers of her hand
to be surmount
غلبه کردن
overcome (a difficulty or obstacle).
all manner of cultural differences were surmounted
glint
درخشش
give out or reflect small flashes of light.
ex1: her glasses were glinting in the firelight
delicate
ظریف
very fine in texture or structure; of intricate workmanship or quality.
ex 1: a spider’s web, strong yet delicate
cumulative
انباشته
increasing or increased in quantity, degree, or force by successive additions.
ex 1: the cumulative effect of two years of drought
textiles
_a type of cloth or woven fabric.
_any type of woven doth that is made in large quantities, used especially by people in the business of making clothes
ex 1: a fascinating range of pottery, jewelry, and textiles
stitch
کوک (روی لباس)
ex 1: She would do the stitching without a frame.
bitter
تلخ
having a sharp, pungent taste or smell; not sweet.
ex1: the raw berries have an intensely bitter flavor
garment
لباس
an item of clothing.
ex 1: a windproof outer garment
quilter
لحاف
mould(ed)
mold
قالب (گیری شده)
ex 1: the molded fiberglass hull eliminates leaks and is immune to attack from marine organisms
embroiderer
گلدوزی
furnish
مبله کردن
provide (a house or room) with furniture and fittings.
ex 1: the proprietor has furnished the bedrooms in a variety of styles
stark
شدید
severe or bare in appearance or outline.
ex 1: the ridge formed a stark silhouette against the sky
bulging
برآمده
swelling outward; protruding.
ex 1: he stared with bulging eyes
endowed
وقف شده
provide with a quality, ability, or asset.
ex 1: he was endowed with tremendous physical strength
adored
love and respect (someone) deeply.
he adored his mother
deteriorate
بدتر شدن
become progressively worse.
ex 1: relations between the countries had deteriorated sharply
naive
inexperienced, overly trusting, (of a person or action) showing a lack of experience, wisdom, or judgment.
ex 1: It is naive to believe that every family can afford to eat healthily, as fresh fruit and vegetables can be relatively expensive
perpetual
continuous, unending, never ending or changing.
ex 1: Scientists have unsuccessfully tried to develop a perpetual motion machine,” which would keep moving forever despite friction and air
resistance trying to stop it.
wardrobe
clothes, dress, a large, tall cabinet in which clothes may be hung or stored.
ex 1: Many clothing stores start selling their summer wardrobes so early that snow may still be on the ground
triumph
a great victory or achievement.
ex 1: a garden built to celebrate Napoleon’s many triumphs
themed
موضوعی
(of a leisure venue, event, etc.) given a particular theme or setting.
a themed party
conversely
متقابلا
introducing a statement or idea which reverses one that has just been made or referred to.
ex 1: we’re not going to have enough onions to last the year, while courgettes, conversely, are in a major surplus
readership
the readers of a newspaper, magazine, or book regarded collectively.
ex 1: it has a readership of 100 million
prevalent
(معمولا برای بیماری یا یک مشکل) رایج است
widespread in a particular area or at a particular time.
ex 1: the social ills prevalent in society today
clumsy
دست و پا چلفتی
awkward in movement or in handling things.
ex 1: the cold made his fingers clumsy
mystique
رمز و راز
a fascinating aura of mystery, awe, and power surrounding someone or something.
ex 1: the West is lately rethinking its cowboy mystique
lucrative
سود آور
producing a great deal of profit.
a lucrative career as a stand-up comedian
haute
باکلاس
fashionably elegant or high-class.
couture
مد لباس
the design and manufacture of fashionable clothes to a client’s specific requirements and measurements.
designer ready-to-wear has taken over from couture as the focus of interest
prevailing
غالب
existing at a particular time; current.
the unfavorable prevailing economic conditions
atelier
کارگاه، آتلیه
a workshop or studio, especially one used by an artist or designer.
outcry
فریاد زدن
an exclamation or shout.
an outcry of spontaneous passion
peculiar
strange or odd; unusual.
ex 1: his accent was a peculiar mixture of Cockney and Irish
whim
هوا و هوس
a sudden desire or change of mind, especially one ex 1: that is unusual or unexplained.
she bought it on a whim
immense
عظیم
extremely large or great, especially in scale or degree.
the cost of restoration has been immense
fragrance
عطر
a pleasant, sweet smell.
ex 1: the fragrance of fresh-ground coffee
whiff
بو کردن
a smell that is only smelled briefly or faintly.
ex 1: I caught a whiff of peachy perfume
exclusively
انحصاری
to the exclusion of others; only; solely.
paints produced exclusively for independent retailers
dwindle
کاهش یافتن
diminish gradually in size, amount, or strength.
traffic has dwindled to a trickle
disturbing
مزاحم
causing anxiety; worrying.
ex 1: disturbing unemployment figures
peculiar
strange or odd; unusual.
ex 1: his accent was a peculiar mixture of Cockney and Irish
substitute sth for sth
جایگزین شده
added to or taking the place of something else.
ex 1: a substituted version of the bill passed
e2: I substituted my car for his car
elevated
situated or placed higher than the surrounding area.
ex 1: this hotel has an elevated position above the village
ex 2: After being awarded the Olympic Games, the team from Rio de Janeiro boarded the airplane home with an elevated sense of pride in their city
genuine
اصل
truly what something is said to be; authentic.
ex 1: each book is bound in genuine leather
perk
bonuses, benefits, extra things
ex 1: Department stores have been gradually discontinuing many of the perks that were familiar to our parents, such as generous return policies and gift wrapping services.
Ironically
از قضا
developed in an unexpected way
ex 1: Ironically, the women’s downhill ski race was canceled because of heavy snow.
plead
to present in argument in a court of law for example-to argue whether or not you are guilty of a crime
ex 1: Paul Burrell, a former butler to Princess Diana, appeared in court to plead not guilty to three counts of theft.
baffled
when you cannot understand or explain something
ex 1: After returning home from his travels, he developed a strange illness that left his doctors baffled
interchangeable
قابل تعویض
when things can be used instead of other things
(of two things) able to be interchanged.
ex 1: eyepieces are interchangeable and one can use any eyepiece with any telescope
liable
مسئول
legally responsible for the cost of something
ex 1: the supplier of goods or services can become liable for breach of contract in a variety of ways
sour
ترش
distinctive
متمایز
characteristic of one person or thing, and so serving to distinguish it from others.
ex 1: juniper berries give gin its distinctive flavor
wannabe
خواستار
a person who tries to be like someone else or to fit ex 1: in with a particular group of people.
a star-struck wannabe
widen
make or become wider.
ex 1: his grin widened
aspire
آرزو داشتن
direct one’s hopes or ambitions towards achieving something.
ex 1: we never thought that we might aspire to those heights
utmost
most extreme; greatest.
a matter of the utmost importance
inflate
باد کردن
inflate a balloon
idle gossip
شایعات بیهوده
hype
هیاهو
media hype
tint
رنگ
autumn tints
erosion
فرسایش
the process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents.
the problem of soil erosion
expenditure
مخارج
the action of spending funds.
the expenditure of taxpayers’ money
fiber
a mass of threads used to make rope, cloth, etc.
conscience
وجدان
an inner feeling or voice viewed as acting as a guide to the rightness or wrongness of one’s behavior.
ex 1: he had a guilty conscience about his desires
get a new lease on life
if something has “a new lease on life,” it is changed or repaired so that it can continue
ex 1: Many of these clothes get a new lease on life when they end up in the flourishing markets for secondhand clothes in Africa and Eastern Europe.
sustainable
پایدار
able to be maintained at a certain rate or level.
ex 1: sustainable fusion reactions
novel
fresh, new, original
ex 1: You are on your way home and you make a quick visit to the mall to see if there is anything novel or interesting in any of your favorite stores.
mend
بهبود یافتن
fix, patch up, repair
ex 1: There’s no thought of mending a hole or sewing on a new button when a new shirt can be bought for six or seven dollars.
ease
سهولت
absence of difficulty or effort.
ex 1: she gave up smoking with ease
federation
alliance, association, partnership
ex 1: Both government bodies and the fashion
federations are calling for eco approaches to fashion.
cradle
گهواره
woven
pp weave (بافت) => form (fabric or a fabric item) by interlacing long threads passing in one direction with others at a right angle to them.
ex 1: textiles woven from linen or wool
cast-off
طرد شده
no longer wanted; abandoned or discarded.
ex 1: a pile of castoff clothes
diver
غواص
menace
تهدید
a person or thing that is likely to cause harm; a threat or danger.
a new initiative aimed at beating the menace of drugs
fin
one of the thin body parts that aquatic (آبزی) animals such as fish use to swim
aquatic
آبزی
poaching
illegally catching or shooting animals, birds, or fish, especially on private land without permission
ex 1: you see a TV program showing the death of a big cat from poaching
nuisance
مزاحمت
annoyance, bother
a person, thing, or circumstance causing inconvenience or annoyance.
ex 1: I hope you’re not going to make a nuisance of yourself
ex 2: The movie was spoiled by three teenage boys at the back of the theater who were talking and generally making a(n) nuisance of themselves.
intimidate
ترساندن
frighten, scare
All of the kids in the class were intimidated by the school bully
apex
راس
the top or highest part of something, especially one forming a point.
ex1: the living room extends right up into the apex of the roof
algae
جلبک
clam
صدف
elk
گوزن
erosion
فرسایش
the process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents.
the problem of soil erosion
vicious
mean, fierce, deliberately cruel or violent.
Jimmy hated delivering the mail to the Simpson family because of their huge vicious dog.
seldom
hardly ever, rarely
ex 1: I seldom have time to go to the movies these days because work is taking up so much of my time.
affection
محبت
fondness, love
Zac wished his pet lizard showed a little more affection
zone out
to stop paying attention because you are bored
or tired
drop in the ocean
a very small amount of something compared to
what is needed or wanted
heart of a lion
brave
lone wolf
someone who prefers to be by himself or herself
soup kitchen
a place where people with no money and no
home can get free food
strand
سرگردان
leave (someone) without the means to move from somewhere.
two of the firm’s trucks are stranded in France
harrow
دلخراش
They survive from the harrowing experience.
dairy products
محصولات لبنی
walnuts
گردو
tuna
ماهی تن
digest
digestion
هضم
fermentation
تخمیر
cultivated
کشت شده است
با رسیدن شیر
as the milk ripens
با رسیدن شیر
predicament
گرفتاری
a difficult, unpleasant, or embarrassing situation.
the club’s financial predicament
slum
محله های کثیف و فقیر نشین
outskirts
حومه، حول و حوش
leap
جهش
jump or spring a long way, to a great height, or with great force.
e1: I leaped across the threshold
enshrined
گنجانده شده است
place (a revered or precious object) in an appropriate receptacle.
relics are enshrined under altars
suffuse
پر کردن
gradually spread through or over.
her cheeks were suffused with color
landfill
a place to dispose of refuse and other waste material by burying it and covering it over with soil, especially as a method of filling in or extending usable land.
landfill sites
regulatory
نظارتی
serving or intended to regulate something.
the existing legal and regulatory framework
legislative
مقننه
having the power to make laws.
the country’s supreme legislative body
sheer
very heavy, large
e1: They were shocked by the sheer amount of work their boss expected them to get through in the next few days.
curb
a check or restraint on something.
e1: curbs on the powers of labor unions
e2: In an effort to save the firm money, the executives were required to curb their expenses, especially when traveling.
tide
regular rising and falling of the level of the sea
e1: The best time for inexperienced surfers is close to low tide since the waves are much smaller.
token
small and not very important
e1: There were only a token number of the groom’s friends and family at the wedding; most of the guests were members of the bride’s family.
substance
particular type of solid, liquid, or gas
e1: Mercury is a strange substance because it is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.
dent
reduction in the amount of something
e1: Failing my last assignment has really put a dent in my confidence.
warehouse
a large building for storing a large quantity of goods
e1: Most major museums have a warehouse where they store the items in their
collection that they don’t have room to exhibit.
mount
to plan, organize, and begin an event or a course of action
e1: The army unit was preparing to mount an early morning attack on the rebel base.
hazardous
dangerous, especially to people’s health or safety
e1: Basketball is the most hazardous sport.in the United States, with more than 529,000 estimated injuries in 2006.
weave
بافت
to put many different ideas, subjects, stories, etc., together and connect them smoothly
e1: Social networking websites are able to weave communities closer together.
bypass
to avoid obeying a rule, system, or someone in an official position
e1: They have installed new software on our computers, which makes it impossible to bypass the company’s Internet security settings.
demolition
تخریب
the action or process of demolishing or being demolished.
e1: the monument was saved from demolition
groom
داماد
merchandise
کالا
goods to be bought and sold.
e1: stores that offered an astonishing range of merchandise
accountability
the state of being responsible for the effects of your actions and willing to explain or be criticized for them
e1: A frequent criticism of large multinational corporations is that they lack sufficient accountability
stiff
سفت
not easily bent or changed in shape; rigid.
a stiff black collar
overwhelm
bury or drown beneath a huge mass.
e1: the water flowed through to overwhelm the whole dam and the village beneath
illicit
forbidden by law, rules, or custom.
illicit drugs
stumbled upon
تصادفا
protrude
بیرون زده
extend beyond or above a surface.
e1: something like a fin protruded from the water
protrude
بیرون زده
extend beyond or above a surface.
e1: something like a fin protruded from the water
feathered
پردار
(of a bird) covered with feathers.
e1: black-feathered ostriches
harnessed
مهار شده است
put a harness on (a horse or other draft animal).
e1: how to groom a horse and harness it
horticulture
باغبانی
pastoral
چوپانی
(especially of land or a farm) used for or related to the keeping or grazing of sheep or cattle.
e1: scattered pastoral farms
agrarian
کشاورزی
coexist
همزیستی
exist at the same time or in the same place.
traditional and modern values coexist in Africa
be an emblem of
نمادی از
competence
صلاحیت
the ability to do something successfully or efficiently.
e1: the players displayed varying degrees of competence
crescent
هلال
the curved sickle shape of the waxing or waning moon.
e1: the moon was a slender crescent
marked
مشخص شده است
having a visible mark.
plants with beautifully marked leaves
stem
ساقه
the main body or stalk of a plant or shrub, typically rising above ground but occasionally subterranean.
curriculum
برنامه تحصیلی
the subjects comprising a course of study in a school or college.
e1: course components of the school curriculum
formality
رسمی
aspiration
جاه طلبی
a hope or ambition of achieving something.
the yawning gulf between aspiration and reality
rigid
_strict or difficult to change
_unable to bend or be forced out of shape; not flexible.
e1: a seat of rigid orange plastic
distinction
فرق - تمیز - تشخیص
a difference or contrast between similar things or people.
e1: I was completely unaware of class distinctions
ethnicity
race, nationality
conform
مطابقت داشته باشد
_adapt, adjust
_comply with rules, standards, or laws.
e1: the kitchen does not conform to hygiene regulations
confer sth on sb
اعطا کردن
_gives, bestows, grant
e1: 1moves were made to confer an honorary degree on her
amply
enough or more than enough; plentifully.
e1: the persistent reader is amply rewarded
awe
a feeling of reverential respect mixed with fear or wonder.
e1: they gazed in awe at the small mountain of diamonds
expressive
رسا
effectively conveying thought or feeling.
e1: she has big expressive eyes
haphazard
اتفاقی
lacking any obvious principle of organization.
e1: the kitchen drawers contained a haphazard collection of silver souvenir spoons
incompetence (n.)
incompetent (adj.)
بی کفایتی
inability to do something successfully; ineptitude.
e1: allegations of professional incompetence
cue
نشانه
crayon
مداد رنگی
spare time
وقت فراغت
homestay
خانه نشینی
vibrant
پر جنب و جوش
full of energy and enthusiasm.
a vibrant cosmopolitan city
camouflage
استتار
the disguising of military personnel, equipment, and installations by painting or covering them to make them blend in with their surroundings.
on the trenches were pieces of turf which served for camouflage
beige
رنگ بژ
outward
بیرونی
1
of, on, or from the outside.
e1: the vehicle’s outward and interior appearance
2
going out or away from a place.
e1: the outward voyage
fuss
a display of unnecessary or excessive excitement, activity, or interest.
e1: I don’t know what all the fuss is about
conversely
متقابلا
introducing a statement or idea which reverses one that has just been made or referred to.
e1: we’re not going to have enough onions to last the year, while courgettes, conversely, are in a major surplus
wedlock
the state of being married.
e1: out-of-wedlock birth
ethnic
قومی
relating to a population subgroup (within a larger or dominant national or cultural group) with a common national or cultural tradition.
e1: leaders of ethnic communities
pension
a regular payment made during a person’s retirement from an investment fund to which that person or their employer has contributed during their working life.
e1: You have to contribute a percentage of your income to a pension fund
irresistible
مقاومت ناپذیر
too attractive and tempting to be resisted.
he found the delicious-looking cakes irresistible
reinvigorate
تجدید قوا
give new energy or strength to.
we are fully committed to reinvigorating the economy of the area
lapsed
no longer valid; expired.
e1: a lapsed insurance policy
dawn
beginning, آغاز، سپیده دم
the first appearance of light in the sky before sunrise.
the rose-pink light of dawn
ironically
از قضا
in an ironic manner.
“How very noble,” Oliver said ironically
ward
بخش
a separate room in a hospital, typically one allocated to a particular type of patient.
a children’s ward
sabbatical
فرصت مطالعاتی
dye
رنگ
revered
مورد احترام
feel deep respect or admiration for (something).
e1: Cézanne’s still lifes were revered by his contemporaries
seize
تصاحب کردن, قاپیدن
take hold of suddenly and forcibly.
she jumped up and seized his ball
foul-smelling
بدبو
glandular
غده ای
relating to or affecting a gland (غده) or glands.
prospect
چشم انداز
the possibility or likelihood of some future event occurring.
e1: there was no prospect of a reconciliation
sensation
احساس
1
a physical feeling or perception resulting from something that happens to or comes into contact with the body.
a burning sensation in the middle of the chest
2
a widespread reaction of interest and excitement.
his arrest for poisoning caused a sensation
propel
سوق دادن
drive, push, or cause to move in a particular direction, typically forward.
e1: the boat is propelled by using a very long paddle
spectrum
طیف
outlandish
عجیب و غریب
looking or sounding bizarre or unfamiliar.
e1: outlandish, brightly colored clothes
touted
تبلیغ شده است
attempt to sell (something), typically by pestering people in an aggressive or bold manner.
e1: Jim was touting his wares
inferior
lower in rank, status, or quality.
schooling in inner-city areas was inferior to that in the rest of the country
dismay
ناراحتی
consternation and distress, typically caused by something unexpected.
e1: to his dismay, she left him
diligent
باپشتکار، کوشا
having or showing care and conscientiousness in one’s work or duties.
many caves are located only after a diligent search
take up with
be taken up with something to be busy doing, discussing, or thinking about something
e1: The whole meeting was taken up with arguing about the budget.
e2: She was completely taken up with her own worries.
communal
shared by all members of a community; for common use.
e1: a communal bathroom and kitchen
cease
to stop something:
e1: Whether the protests will cease remains to be seen.
e2: The company has decided to cease all UK operations after this year.
mocked-up
ساختگی
lounge
سالن استراحت
lie, sit, or stand in a relaxed or lazy way.
e1: several students were lounging about reading papers
plagiarism
سرقت ادبی
moral
اخلاقی
concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior and the goodness or badness of human character.
e1: the moral dimensions of medical intervention
e2: It is not morally correct.
slicky
لزج
lace
توری
a fine open fabric, typically one of cotton or silk, made by looping, twisting, or knitting thread in patterns and used especially for trimming garments.
e1: a dress trimmed in white lace
interdependence
وابستگی متقابل
the dependence of two or more people or things on each other.
e1: the new economic interdependence of the two nations
warmth
the quality, state, or sensation of being warm; moderate and comfortable heat.
the warmth of the sun on her skin
possession
the state of having, owning, or controlling something.
he had taken possession of one of the sofas
quadrupled
increase or be increased fourfold.
oil prices quadrupled in the 1970s
stimuli
محرک ها
conspicuous
قابل توجه
standing out so as to be clearly visible.
e1: he was very thin, with a conspicuous Adam’s apple
tabloid
a newspaper having pages half the size of those of a standard newspaper, typically popular in style and dominated by headlines, photographs, and sensational stories.
the tabloid press
اولویت بودن چیزی نسیبت یه چیز دیگری
to have a preference on sth over sth else
e1: I have a preference for classic novels over more contemporary ones.
cloakroom
رخت کن
to be overdue
not having arrived, happened, or been done by the expected time.
e1: the rent was nearly three months overdue
derelict
متروکه
in a very poor condition as a result of disuse and neglect.
e1: the cities were derelict and dying
commute
رفت و آمد
travel some distance between one’s home and place of work on a regular basis.
she commuted from Westport in to Grand Central Station
spacious
(especially of a room or building) having ample space.
e1: the hotel has a spacious lounge and TV room
revitalize
احیا کردن
imbue (something) with new life and vitality.
e1: a package of spending cuts to revitalize the economy
inoculate
treat (a person or animal) with a vaccine to produce immunity against a disease.
e1: he inoculated his tenants against smallpox
plaster cast
گچ گرفتن
e1: The boy is having a plaster cast put on his leg
acupuncture
طب سوزنی
alleviate
make (suffering, deficiency, or a problem) less severe.
e1: he couldn’t prevent her pain, only alleviate it
pharmaceutical
دارویی
relating to medicinal drugs, or their preparation, use, or sale.
a pharmaceutical company
blockbuster
فیلم یا کتاب پرمخاطب
a thing of great power or size, in particular a movie, book, or other product that is a great commercial success.
a blockbuster pay-per-view special event
preeminence
برتری
the fact of surpassing all others; superiority.
the region has never regained the economic preeminence that it once enjoyed
hinge
لولا
noun:
a movable joint or mechanism on which a door, gate, or lid swings as it opens and closes or which connects linked objects.
verb:
attach or join with or as if with a hinge.
e1: the ironing board was set into the wall and hinged at the bottom
inert
بی اثر
lacking the ability or strength to move.
e1: she lay inert in her bed
gauge
an instrument or device for measuring the magnitude, amount, or contents of something, typically with a visual display of such information.
e1: a fuel gauge
futility
pointlessness or uselessness.
e1: the horror and futility of war
e2: futility boundary
faltering
تزلزل
losing strength or momentum.
his faltering career
doggedly
سرسختانه
in a manner that shows tenacity (سختی) and grim persistence.
she has doggedly pursued her own path
prescribe
تجویز کند
(of a medical practitioner) advise and authorize the use of (a medicine or treatment) for someone, especially in writing.
Dr. Greene prescribed magnesium sulfate
drug-vetting
معاینه دارویی
coercion
اجبار
the practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats.
e1: our problem cannot be solved by any form of coercion but only by agreement
therapeutic
درمانی
relating to the healing of disease.
e1: diagnostic and therapeutic facilities
bogus
not genuine or true; fake.
a bogus insurance claim
substantially
بطور قابل ملاحظه ای
to a great or significant extent.
e1: profits grew substantially
incidence
وقوع
the occurrence, rate, or frequency of a disease, crime, or something else undesirable.
e1: an increased incidence of cancer
incidence
وقوع
the occurrence, rate, or frequency of a disease, crime, or something else undesirable.
e1: an increased incidence of cancer
grooming
آراستن، نظافت
1
the practice of brushing and cleaning the coat of a horse, dog, or other animal.
regular grooming is essential to the well-being of your dog
2
the action by a pedophile of preparing a child for a meeting, especially via an internet chat room, with the intention of committing a sexual offense.
online grooming has become a growing cause for concern
discontinuation
قطع شدن
e1: discontinuation of a product
evasion (to evade sth)
گریختن، طفره رفتن
the action of evading something.
e1: their adroit evasion of almost all questions
fraudulently
به صورت متقلبانه
in a way that involves deception, especially criminal deception.
e1: she bought goods with a fraudulently obtained credit card
coalition
ائتلاف
adjustments
changes, alterations
e1: The arrival of an unexpected guest required the host to make some adjustments to the seating plan
occupations
jobs, professions
e1: match their study experiences to appropriate occupations
ongoing
continuing, long-lasting
e1: Good customer service is ongoing; it does not stop once the customer has left the store.
fascination
the power to fascinate someone; the quality of being fascinating.
e1: television has always held a fascination for me
trait
صفت، ویژگی
a distinguishing quality or characteristic, typically one belonging to a person.
e1: he was a letter-of-the-law man, a common trait among coaches
enslave
make (someone) a slave.
e1: the practice of enslaving prisoners of war eventually died out
drive
to be achieved from sth
e1: The English word bankrupt is derived from the Italian phrase banca rotta,
which means “broken bench.”
e2: Medicines are often derived from plants.
stability
a state where something is firmly fixed and not easily moved, changed, or upset
e1: The American Civil War was followed by a long period of political and economic stability.
e2: Environmentalists believe that the stability of Earth’s many ecosystems is at risk because of the actions of humans.
inadvertently
without intention; accidentally.
e1: his name had been inadvertently omitted from the list
merely
just; only.
she seemed to him not merely an intelligent woman, but a kind of soul mate
soloist
a singer or other musician who performs a solo.
e1: he appears as a concerto soloist with all the great British orchestras
venue
محل
the place where something happens, especially an organized event such as a concert, conference, or sports event.
e1: the river could soon be the venue for a powerboat world championship event
acoustic
relating to sound or the sense of hearing.
e1: dogs have a much greater acoustic range than humans
intimate
closely acquainted; familiar, close.
intimate friends
to blow away
منفجر کردن
e1: I was blown away by their performance
lateral
جانبی
of, at, toward, or from the side or sides.
e1: the plant takes up water through its lateral roots
conglomeration
a number of different things, parts or items that are grouped together; collection.
e1: a loose conglomeration of pieces
limestone
سنگ آهک
nuance of sth and sth
a subtle difference in or shade of meaning, expression, or sound.
e1: the nuances of facial expression and body language
spotlight
نور افکن
exert
اعمال
apply or bring to bear (a force, influence, or quality).
e1: the moon exerts a force on the Earth
e2: exert an influence
clarity
وضوح
the quality of being coherent and intelligible.
e1: for the sake of clarity, each of these strategies is dealt with separately
dogmatic
متعصب
inclined to lay down principles as incontrovertibly true.
e1: he gives his opinion without trying to be dogmatic
spontaneous
unforced, خود به خود، خود جوش
performed or occurring as a result of a sudden inner impulse or inclination and without premeditation or external stimulus.
e1: the audience broke into spontaneous applause
liberation
رهایی
the act of setting someone free from imprisonment, slavery, or oppression; release.
e1: the liberation of all political prisoners
indigenous
بومی
originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native.
e1: the indigenous peoples of Siberia
fluid
مایع
e1: we all need several glasses of fluid a day
sap
شیره
e1: tree sap
yellowish
مایل به زرد
e1: the sun casts a yellowish hue on the sea
posture
the position in which someone holds their body when standing or sitting.
e1: he stood in a flamboyant posture with his hands on his hips
sedentary
نشسته
(of a person) tending to spend much time seated; somewhat inactive.
e1: we all walk a certain amount every day even if we are sedentary
sustain
حفظ کنند
strengthen or support physically or mentally.
e1: this thought had sustained him throughout the years
oversee
supervise (a person or work), especially in an official capacity.
e1: a trustee appointed to oversee Corrie’s finances
thorough
کامل
complete with regard to every detail; not superficial or partial.
e1: planners need a thorough understanding of the subject
tissue
بافت
any of the distinct types of material of which animals or plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their products.
e1: inflammation is a reaction of living tissue to infection or injury
footage
1
a length of film made for movies or television.
film footage of the riot
2
size or length measured in feet.
the square footage of the room
cubicle
a small part of a room that is separated from the rest of the room
e1: each cubicle is equipped with a PC and printer, and there are two fax machines in the east alcove
inclusion
the action or state of including or of being included within a group or structure.
e1: federal legislation now mandates the inclusion of students who are English language learners
extensive
گسترده
covering or affecting a large area.
e1: an extensive garden
boom
a loud, deep, resonant sound.
e1: the deep boom of the bass drum
lawn
چمن
an area of short, mown grass in a yard, garden, or park.
e1: she was sitting in a deckchair on the lawn
equitable
منصفانه
fair and impartial.
e1: an equitable balance of power
paternity
پدری
(especially in legal contexts) the state of being someone’s father.
e1: he refused to admit paternity of the child
deforestation
جنگل زدایی
the action of clearing a wide area of trees.
e1: a key aim is to try to halt widespread deforestation in the Amazon
refectory
canteen، سفره خانه، غذاخوری
likened
point out the resemblance of someone or something to.
they likened the reigning emperor to a god
trace
to find the origins of something
e1: But a lot of this reduction can be traced to changes in the organizations.
exclusion
the act of not allowing someone to take part in an activity
e1: Employees’ work locations, therefore, are likely to influence the information to which they are exposed and their inclusion or exclusion from various activities and events within the organization.
upholstery
soft, padded textile covering that is fixed to furniture such as armchairs and sofas.
e1: leather upholstery
rhetoric
the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.
e1: he is using a common figure of rhetoric, hyperbole
ingenuity
نبوغ
the quality of being clever, original, and inventive.
e1: considerable ingenuity must be employed in writing software
clerical
دفتری
(of a job or person) concerned with or relating to work in an office, especially routine documentation and administrative tasks.
e1: temps are always needed for clerical work
flatter
چاپلوس کردن
lavish insincere praise and compliments upon (someone), especially to further one’s own interests.
e1: she was flattering him to avoid doing what he wanted
grain
غلات
wheat or any other cultivated cereal crop used as food.
oriental
of, from, or characteristic of Asia, especially East Asia.
e1: oriental rugs
survey
نظر سنجی
a general view, examination, or description of someone or something.
e1: the author provides a survey of the relevant literature
differentiate
بتعیض قائل شدن
to treat people or things in a different, especially an unfair, way
e1: because their chair does not differentiate between the boss and the secretary.
residential
relating to homes, rather than stores or office buildings
e1: The views out of residential windows
corporate
business, commercial
The company built its corporate image through e1: a long-established tradition of exceptional customer service
contradictory
conflicting, differing
e1: The two drivers involved gave contradictory accounts of the accident, so the police had to rely on other witnesses to get the full story
somewhat
to some extent, slightly
e1: The runner’s time improved somewhat from the previous race, but not sufficiently for him to be chosen for the Olympic team
innovation
improvement, advance
e1: New understandings of organizational behavior have sparked innovation in office layout and culture.
presumably
most likely, probably
e1: The fact that most people thought the goods were overpriced is presumably the reason why the items failed to sell.
tentative
آزمایشی
not certain or fixed; provisional.
e1: a tentative conclusion
foregone conclusion
نتیجه گیری قبلی
flatten
make or become flat or flatter.
e1: spoon the mixture into the pan, flatten into cakes, and fry until brown
recurring
occurring again periodically or repeatedly.
gratitude is a recurring theme in the book
scribble
خط خطی کردن
write or draw (something) carelessly or hurriedly.
e1: he took the clipboard and scribbled something illegible
imprisonment
حبس
the state of being imprisoned; captivity.
e1: he was sentenced to two months’ imprisonment
frown
اخم
form an expression of disapproval, displeasure, or concentration, typically by turning down the corners of the mouth.
e1: he frowned as he reread the letter
e2: he frowned on graffities
forgery
جعل
the action of forging or producing a copy of a document, signature, banknote, or work of art.
e1: he was found guilty of forgery
dissertation
پایان نامه
a long essay on a particular subject, especially one written as a requirement for the Doctor of Philosophy degree.
e1: Joe wrote his doctoral dissertation on Thucydides
persuasive (adj.)
persuade (v.)
متقاعد کننده
good at persuading someone to do or believe something through reasoning or the use of temptation.
e1: an informative and persuasive speech
attainable
قابل دستیابی
able to be attained; achievable.
yields in excess of 6% are easily attainable
provoke
تحریک
stimulate or give rise to (a reaction or emotion, typically a strong or unwelcome one) in someone.
e1: the decision provoked a storm of protest from civil rights organizations
controversy
جنجال - جدال سرسختانه
disagreement, typically when prolonged, public, and heated.
the announcement ended a protracted controversy
glamour (n.)
glamorous(adj.)
زرق و برق
an attractive or exciting quality that makes certain people or things seem appealing.
e1: the glamour of Monte Carlo
notorious
بدنام
famous or well known, typically for some bad quality or deed.
e1: Los Angeles is notorious for its smog
provocative
causing annoyance, anger, or another strong reaction, especially deliberately.
e1: a provocative article
soared
اوج گرفت
fly or rise high in the air.
e1: the bird spread its wings and soared into the air
pictorial
تصویری
of or expressed in pictures; illustrated.
e1: feelings presented in a pictorial form
vantage
a place or position affording a good view of something.
e1: from my vantage point, I could see into the front yard
ledger
دفتر کل، دفتر حساب
a book or other collection of financial accounts of a particular type.
e1: the total balance of the purchases ledger
trunk
تنه
a person’s or animal’s body apart from the limbs and head.
pupil
a student in school.
they are former pupils of the school
spine
ستون فقرات
spaciousness
وسعت
contracted
became smaller, narrower, tighter
e1: About 4.5 million years ago, a large cloud of gas slowly contracted under gravity into the glowing ball that became the sun.
established
found out facts that will prove that something is true
e1: Researchers have established a clear link between smoking and cancer
incorporate
دربرگرفتن، گنجانیدن
include something as part of a plan or system
e1: Courses that prepare students for careers in the sciences normally incorporate a lot of mathematics.
e2: Which activities would you like to incorporate in your life?
analytic (adj.)
تحلیلی
another term for analytical.
e1: analytic approach or thought
discriminating
تبعیض آمیز
(of a person) having or showing refined taste or good judgment.
e1: he became a discriminating collector and patron of the arts
attorney
وکیل
sediment
رسوب
matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid; dregs.
e1: the ice freezes the wine and sediment at the base of the cork
entomb
دفن کردن
place (a dead body) in a tomb.
e1: mummified bodies were entombed in the pyramids of Egypt
undisturbed
بدون مزاحمت
not disturbed.
e1: a quiet weekend of undisturbed tranquility
fault line
خط گسل
signage
تابلو
signs collectively, especially commercial or public display signs.
e1: they plan to improve signage for motorists and pedestrians
wheat
گندم
citrus fruit
مرکبات
roaming
moving about aimlessly or unsystematically, especially over a wide area.
e1: roaming herds of reindeer
flung
p.p fling
throw or hurl forcefully.
he picked up the debris and flung it away
plummet
fall or drop straight down at high speed.
a climber was killed when he plummeted 300 feet down an icy gully
ivory
عاج
barter sth for sth
معامله پایاپای
exchange (goods or services) for other goods or services without using money.
he often bartered a meal for drawings
comprehend
درک کردن
grasp mentally; understand.
e1: he couldn’t comprehend her reasons for marrying Lovat
erode
فرسودن
debut
شروع کردن - آغاز - اولین
a person’s first appearance or performance in a particular capacity or role.
e1: the film marked his debut as a director
brilliance
درخشش
intense brightness of light.
e1: the nights were dark, lit only by the brilliance of Aegean stars
curative
درمانی
able to cure disease.
e1: the curative properties of herbs
e2: curative power
ailment
ناراحتی
an illness, typically a minor one.
e1: the doctor diagnosed a common stomach ailment
arthritis
آرتروز
patron
حامی
a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity.
e1: a celebrated patron of the arts
municipal
municipality
شهرداری
sanitary
بهداشتی
e1: water is sealed in a sanitary container
sweetener
شیرین کننده
a substance used to sweeten food or drink, especially one other than sugar.
e1: diet drinks contain artificial sweeteners like saccharin
distillation
تقطیر
the action of purifying a liquid by a process of heating and cooling.
e1: the petroleum distillation process
condense
make (something) denser or more concentrated.
e1: the limestones of the Jurassic age are condensed into a mere 11 feet
pristine
تر و تازه
in its original condition; unspoiled.
e1: pristine copies of an early magazine
imply
غیرمستقیم فهماندن
to suggest that something is true without saying or showing it directly
e1: A survey highlights the widespread use of terminology that implies that bottled water is extraordinarily pure and derived from pristine natural sources.
e1: Are you implying that I’m fat?
Whereas
although something is true of one thing, it is not
true of another
e1: Whereas bottled water was once associated only with the rich and privileged, it is now regularly drunk by people at all income levels despite the fact that the price of bottled water can be between 240 and 10,000 times higher per gallon than tap water.
confine
restrict, limit, put in prison
e1: Artesian water is extracted by means of a well from a confined water-bearing layer of sand or rock known as an aquifer.
arbitrary
random, by chance, unfair
based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.
e1: his mealtimes were entirely arbitrary
intrinsic
ذاتی
belonging naturally; essential.
e1: access to the arts is intrinsic to a high quality of life
slump
سقوط
sit, lean, or fall heavily and limply, especially with a bent back.
e1: she slumped against the cushions
e2: recent slump in airline travel
staple (adj.)
اصلی
main or important, especially in terms of consumption.
e1: the staple foods of the poor
intake
مصرف
an amount of food, air, or another substance taken into the body.
e1: your daily intake of calories
wage
به راه انداختن
carry on (a war or campaign).
e1: it is necessary to destroy their capacity to wage war
inland
داخلی
situated in the interior of a country rather than on the coast.
e1: the deserts of inland Australia
salinity
شوری
the quality or degree of being saline.
e1: the salinity of the water is high
basin
حوضه آبی
a natural depression on the earth’s surface, typically containing water.
e1: the Indian Ocean basin
respiratory
تنفسی
relating to or affecting respiration or the organs of respiration.
e1: respiratory disease
bleak
(of an area of land) lacking vegetation and exposed to the elements.
e1: Aral Sea looks bleak
expense
هزینه
the cost required for something; the money spent on something.
e1: we had ordered suits at great expense
doomed
محکوم به فنا
likely to have an unfortunate and inescapable outcome; ill-fated.
e1: the moving story of their doomed love affair
expansion
the act or process of increasing in size, number, amount, or range
e1: When Soviet planners began this major expansion of irrigation in the Aral Sea basin, conducted in the 1950s and 1960s, it was predicted that increased irrigation would reduce the amount of water flowing to the sea and substantially reduce its size.
conduct
to do something, especially in order to get information or prove facts
e1: When Soviet planners began this major expansion of irrigation in the Aral Sea basin, conducted in the 1950s and 1960s, it was predicted that increased irrigation would reduce the amount of water flowing to the sea and substantially reduce its size.
cite
to mention something as an example, especially one that supports, proves, or explains an idea or situation
e1: The declining quality of the drinking water is cited as the main factor in the increase in respiratory ailments, cancer, and other illnesses in the region
prohibitive
prohibitive
e1: but they
came to the conclusion that the expense of such
a project would be prohibitive.
nevertheless
با این حال
even so, nontheless
The rules stated that sports could not be played e1: indoors; nevertheless, students regularly played soccer in the corridors.
virtually
almost, nearly
e1: Buffalo had virtually disappeared from the Great Plains before the American Bison Society was organized in 1905 to save them.
outspoken
صریح
frank in stating one’s opinions, especially if they are critical or controversial.
e1: he has been outspoken in his criticism
scarce
کمیاب
(especially of food, money, or some other resource) insufficient for the demand.
e1: as raw materials became scarce, synthetics were developed
flimsy
سست
comparatively light and insubstantial; easily damaged.
e1: voyagers who crossed the sea in flimsy boats
clogged
رسوب گرفته
blocked with an accumulation of thick, wet matter.
e1: clogged drains
sturdy (sturdier)
(محکم تر) محکم
(of a person or their body) strongly and solidly built.
he had a sturdy, muscular physique
arid
خشک
(of land or a climate) having little or no rain; too dry or barren to support vegetation.
e1: hot and arid conditions
surplus
مازاد
e1: It is not a surplus resource.
intricate
very complicated or detailed.
e1: an intricate network of canals
interconnectedness
به هم پیوستگی
the state of being connected with each other.
e1: the interconnectedness of all things in the universe
deficiency
a lack or shortage.
e1; vitamin A deficiency in children
particles
ذره
a minute portion of matter.
e1: tiny particles of dust
commodity
کالا، متاع
a product that is bought and sold
e1: Gold, sugar, and petroleum are some of the commodities commonly traded on the open market.
copper
فلز مس
combustion
the process of burning something.
e1: the combustion of fossil fuels
e2: the internal combustion engine
attain
reach
e1: Sand dunes in the Egyptian Sand Sea can attain a height of 100 meters (330 feet).
e2: An internal combustion engine must attain a high rate of revolution (RPM) in order to produce maximum power output.
exploit
بهره برداری کردن
make full use of and derive benefit from (a resource).
e1: 500 companies sprang up to exploit this new technology
e2: Western petroleum companies are working with local companies to exploit the opportunities for oil production around the Caspian Sea.
e3: Developing countries need to find ways to exploit their natural resources for the good of their own people
bipedal
(of an animal) using only two legs for walking.
excavation
حفاری
the action of excavating something, especially an archaeological site.
e1: the methods of excavation have to be extremely rigorous
locomotion
movement or the ability to move from one place to another.
e1: the muscles that are concerned with locomotion
curvature
انحنا
the fact of being curved or the degree to which something is curved.
e1: spinal curvature
stance
حالت
the way in which someone stands, especially when deliberately adopted (as in baseball, golf, and other sports); a person’s posture.
e1: she altered her stance, resting all her weight on one leg
stance
حالت
the lengthening of something.
the way in which someone stands, especially when deliberately adopted (as in baseball, golf, and other sports); a person’s posture.
e1: she altered her stance, resting all her weight on one leg
elongation
طویل شدن
the lengthening of something.
tantalising
وسوسه انگیز
accredited
معتبر
(of a person, organization, or course of study) officially recognized or authorized.
e1: an accredited practitioner
fissure
شکاف
pebble
a small stone made smooth and round by the action of water or sand.
e1: a narrow pebble beach
waterborne (water-borne)
اب اورده
conveyed by, traveling on, or involving travel or transportation on water.
e1: troops were deployed by waterborne craft
ponder sth
تعمق کردن
think about (something) carefully, especially before making a decision or reaching a conclusion.
e1: I pondered the question of what clothes to wear for the occasion
sheepishly
in an embarrassed manner due to shame or a lack of self-confidence.
I smiled sheepishly, my face instantly flushing
lagging
عقب ماندن
e1: Advanced students get bored out, and lagging ones get lost
overhaul
تعمیرات اساسی
take apart (a piece of machinery or equipment) in order to examine it and repair it if necessary.
e1: a company that overhauls and repairs aircraft engines
mediocrity
متوسط بودن
the quality or state of being mediocre.
e1: heroes rising above the mediocrity that surrounds them
vibrancy
the state of being full of energy and life.
e1: the vibrancy of the city center
versatile
همه کاره
able to adapt or be adapted to many different functions or activities.
e1: a versatile sewing machine
indelible
پاک نشدنی
(of ink or a pen) making marks that cannot be removed.
e1: an indelible marker pen
expenditure
مخارج
the action of spending funds.
e1: the expenditure of taxpayers’ money
integral part of sth
بخشی جدایی ناپذیر
essential, fundamental
e1: Many people feel that moral development is a(n) integral element of education.
detrimental
مضر
tending to cause harm.
e1: moving her could have a detrimental effect on her health
preservative
نگهدارنده
a substance used to preserve foodstuffs, wood, or other materials against decay.
e1: salt has been used for centuries as a preservative
hyperactivity
بیش فعالی
the condition of being abnormally or extremely active.
e1: hyperactivity of the thyroid gland
maternal
مادری
relating to a mother, especially during pregnancy or shortly after childbirth.
e1: maternal care
e2: maternal age
frontier
a line or border separating two countries.
e1: international crime knows no frontiers
culinary
آشپزی
of or for cooking.
e1: culinary skills
manifest
آشکار
clear or obvious to the eye or mind.
e1: the system’s manifest failings
odor
بو
a distinctive smell, especially an unpleasant one.
e1: the odor of cigarette smoke
perishable
فاسد شدنی
(especially of food) likely to decay or go bad quickly.
e1: the storage of perishable foods
rotten
پوسیده
suffering from decay.
e1: rotten eggs
revulsion
تنفر شدید
a sense of disgust and loathing.
e1: news of the attack will be met with sorrow and revulsion
abhor
بیزاری
regard with disgust and hatred.
e1: professional tax preparers abhor a flat tax because it would dry up their business
nauseating
حالت تهوع آور
causing or liable to cause a feeling of nausea or disgust; disgusting.
e1: the stench became nauseating
plausibly
قابل قبول
in a way that seems reasonable or probable.
e1: both candidates can plausibly claim victory is within their reach
dynasty
سلسله
e1: It could plausibly be argued that changes of diet are more important than changes of dynasty or religion.
subordinate
to put something or someone in a less important position
e1: As a result, it seems that both the family and the family meal have been subordinated to other interests, …
validity
the state of being real, true, or based on facts
e1: Food behavior research appears to confirm the validity of the following quote from George Orwell
implication
پیامد، عواقب
something that is not directly said or shown but that is suggested or understood
e1: The implication is that culinary preferences reflect more than individual taste
constraint
a limitation or restriction.
e1: time constraints make it impossible to do everything
e2: Time has become such a constraint for busy people that the leisured cooking of complex recipes is now less of an option than it was only a few decades ago, and meals of a predictable composition served at set times have also declined.
denote
be a sign of; indicate.
e1: this mark denotes purity and quality
assure
guarantee, make certain, ensure
e1: certain regions of the world are assured of having market dominance for their products.
subsidy
grant, assistance, funding
e1: they are a result of intensive capital investment and/or a government subsidy.
poultry
طیور
welfare
رفاه
the health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group.
e1: they don’t give a damn about the welfare of their families
sound investment
سرمایه گذاری صحیح
brink of collapse
آستانه سقوط
hover
شناور
remain in one place in the air.
e1: Army helicopters hovered overhead
negligible
قابل اغماض
so small or unimportant as to be not worth considering; insignificant.
e1: sound could at last be recorded with incredible ease and at negligible cost
absurd
wildly unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate.
e1: the allegations are patently absurd
credibility
the quality of being trusted and believed in.
e1: the very public loss of credibility led to the demise of the magazine as a prestigious publication
coordinate
هماهنگ كردن
bring the different elements of (a complex activity or organization) into a relationship that will ensure efficiency or harmony.
e1: he had responsibility for coordinating Chicago’s transportation services
clunky
awkwardly solid, heavy, and outdated.
e1: even last year’s laptops look clunky
mist
غبار
pollinator
گرده افشان
rattle
لرزاندن
wasp
زنبور
moth
پروانه
stalk
ساقه
the main stem of a herbaceous plant.
e1: he chewed a stalk of grass
culprit
مقصر
a person who is responsible for a crime or other misdeed.
e1: I am culprit
hive
کندو
fungicide
قارچ کش (مثل آفت کش که میشه pesticide)
a chemical that destroys fungus.
many orchards no longer use fungicides
longevity
طول عمر
long life.
e1: the greater longevity of women compared with men
vicinity
مجاورت، همسایگی
the area near or surrounding a particular place.
e1: the number of people living in the immediate vicinity was small
cripple
فلج کردن
cause severe and disabling damage to; deprive of the ability to function normally.
e1: developing countries are crippled by their debts
detergent
مواد شوینده
overly
بیش از حد
excessively.
e1: she was a jealous and overly possessive woman
dissent
مخالفت
the expression or holding of opinions at variance with those previously, commonly, or officially held.
e1: there was no dissent from this view
enact
وضع کردن
make (a bill or other proposal) law.
e1: legislation was enacted in 1987 to attract international companies
elicit
برانگیختن
evoke or draw out (a response, answer, or fact) from someone in reaction to one’s own actions or questions.
e1: they invariably elicit exclamations of approval from guests
to make allegation of sth against someone
ادعا
a claim or assertion that someone has done something illegal or wrong, typically one made without proof.
e1: after leaving he made allegations of corruption against the company
to be geared to this end
برای این منظور آماده شود
legume
حبوبات
pervade
فراگیر شود
(especially of a smell) spread through and be perceived in every part of.
a smell of stale cabbage pervaded the air
tenet
اصل
a principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy.
e1: the tenets of a democratic society
predicament
a difficult, unpleasant, or embarrassing situation.
e1: the club’s financial predicament
alleviate
تسکین دهنده
make (suffering, deficiency, or a problem) less severe.
e1: he couldn’t prevent her pain, only alleviate it
residue
باقی مانده
a small amount of something that remains after the main part has gone or been taken or used.
e1: the fine residue left after the sorting of tea
livestock
دام
farm animals regarded as an asset.
e1: markets for the trading of livestock
assailed
مورد حمله قرار گرفت
make a concerted or violent attack on.
e1: the Scots army assailed Edward’s army from the rear
integration
the combination of two or more things so that they work together effectively
practitioner
متخصص
a person actively engaged in an art, discipline, or profession, especially medicine.
e1: patients are treated by skilled practitioners
bulk
being large in quantity
The Natural Foods store received a(n) bulk shipment of organic soy products.
levy
tax, additional charge
The government placed a pollution levy on the purchase of all new sport-utility vehicles
ethics
principles, beliefs
e1: Doctors must follow a medical code of ethics
advocated
supported, promoted
e1: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Mahatma Gandhi both were leaders who advocated nonviolence as a means of social change.
legislation
laws, statutes
e1: The government introduced new legislation reducing speed limits in residential areas and raising the level of fines for speeding.
qualitatively
distinctively, essential
e1: The reunification of East and West Germany has resulted in a(n) qualitatively better standard of living for many citizens.
snail
حلزون
prescription
نسخه
an instruction written by a medical practitioner that authorizes a patient to be provided a medicine or treatment.
e1: he scribbled a prescription for tranquilizers
crab
خرچنگ
breeding
پرورش
the mating and production of offspring by animals.
e1: palolo worms use the moon to time their breeding
scavenger
لاشخور
an animal that feeds on carrion, dead plant material, or refuse.
beak
منقار
harass
آزار دادن
subject to aggressive pressure or intimidation.
e1: being harassed at work can leave you feeling confused and helpless
botany
گیاه شناسی
meteorology
هواشناسی
bladder
مثانه
folklore
فرهنگ عامه
the traditional beliefs, customs, and stories of a community, passed through the generations by word of mouth.
spoilage
the action of spoiling, especially the deterioration of food and perishable goods.
vinegar
سرکه
behalf
as a representative of someone
e1: The lawyer spoke on behalf of the parents’ group that was fighting against closure of the local primary school.
compound
ترکیب شیمیایی
a substance consisting of two or more elements
e1: Table salt is a compound made up of sodium and chloride (NaCl)
comprehensive
including everything that is necessary
e1: The personnel manager prepared a comprehensive report on areas where the company was not meeting employment legislation guidelines
deduced
used information to make a judgment about something
e1: Alexander Fleming deduced that the spores of a mold called penicillin had disease-preventing qualities when he observed that it prevented the growth of germs
empirical
based on scientific testing or practical experience
e1: NASA’s Mars Rovers are gathering samples that may provide empirical evidence that water once flowed on Mars.
liberal
generous
e1: The boss was so liberal with his praise that his employees began to question his sincerity
mediate
change the effect of something to make it less negative
e1: Exercise can help to mediate the effects of a high-calorie diet
restrain
avoid doing something
e1: We must restrain urban growth in order to protect the countryside
compile
produce (something, especially a list, report, or book) by assembling information collected from other sources.
e1: When looking for a new job, one way to get started is to compile a list of companies in your area that might be looking for someone like you and then write to them.
e2: The environmental group monitored the variety of wildlife in the area over a period of three months and then compiled a report on its findings
equated
to consider that one thing is the same as something else
e1: People should not necessarily equate high test scores with high intelligence.
e2: Larger jet engines are equated with increased noise, causing problems for airports located in metropolitan areas.
identical
exactly the same
e1: Although the twins clearly looked like sisters, their appearances were not identical.
e2: If we compare the DNA of chimpanzees and humans, we might infer that they are nearly identical species because there is a 98.6 percent overlap in their DNA.
infer
to form an opinion that something is probably true because of other information that you already know
e1: After studying children raised in varying conditions, psychologists have inferred that children who receive more stimulation develop greater mental capacity.
e2: The children were able to infer from the facial expressions of the adults that something terrible had occurred.
Notwithstanding
علیرغم
despite, in spite of
If something is true notwithstanding something else, it is true even though the other thing has happened
e1: Culture shock and language problems notwithstanding, the immigrants were successfully integrated into their adopted culture.
e2: Notwithstanding the overall slowdown in the airline industry, the discount airlines have had a very profitable year
straightforward
simple; easy to understand
e1: Meeting the requirements of the assignment should be a straightforward task as the criteria for each section are clearly explained.
e2: Although travel across the continent was once long and tiring, greater access to air travel now means that a trip from Miami to Seattle is quite straightforward.
undertake
do sth, to accept that you are responsible for a piece of work, and to start to do it
e1: The building of the Channel Tunnel between Britain and France was one of the most complex tunneling projects ever undertaken.
e2: It is important that the Food and Drug Administration undertake more research to determine whether gender differences can influence the effectiveness of new drugs
neck strain
کشیدگی گردن
rustle
خش خش
make a soft, muffled crackling sound like that caused by the movement of dry leaves or paper.
e1: she came closer, her skirt swaying and rustling
swoop
(especially of a bird) move rapidly downwards through the air.
e1: the barn owl can swoop down on a mouse in total darkness
get laid off
اخراج شدن
e1: They likely to get laid off if the economic climate is bad
transcendence
برتری
existence or experience beyond the normal or physical level.
e1: the possibility of spiritual transcendence in the modern world
nought
zero
e1: million means 1 followed by 6 noughts
forage
کاوش کردن
(of a person or animal) search widely for food or provisions.
e1: gulls are equipped by nature to forage for food
bolster
تقویت کردن
support or strengthen; prop up.
e1: the fall in interest rates is starting to bolster confidence
biodiversity
تنوع زیستی
ravage
ویران کردن
cause severe and extensive damage to.
e1: fears that a war could ravage their country
indication
نشانه
a sign or piece of information that indicates something.
e1: the visit was an indication of the improvement in relations between the countries
raid
حمله
a sudden attack on an enemy by troops, aircraft, or other armed forces in warfare.
e1: a bombing raid
conjuring up big ideas
ایجاد ایده های بزرگ
celestial
آسمانی, فلکی
positioned in or relating to the sky, or outer space as observed in astronomy.
e1: a celestial body
juggle
to do several things at the same time.
e1: juggling three jobs
e2: how do you juggle all that
excursion
گشت و گذار
a short journey or trip, especially one engaged in as a leisure activity.
e1: an excursion to Mount Etna
long-haul
مسافت طولانی
a long distance (in reference to the transport of freight or passengers).
e1: a long-haul flight
cosmopolitan
including or containing people from many different countries.
e1: immigration transformed the city into a cosmopolitan metropolis
tout
مشتری جلب کردن
attempt to sell (something), typically by pestering people in an aggressive or bold manner.
e1: Jim was touting his wares
trekked
go on a long arduous journey, typically on foot.
e1: we trekked through the jungle
dichotomous
دوگانگی
exhibiting or characterized by dichotomy.
e1: a dichotomous view of the world
chiefly
above all; mainly.
e1: he is remembered chiefly for his sonatas
introspection
درون نگری، درون گرایی
the examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes.
e1: quiet introspection can be extremely valuable
intrinsic
ذاتی
belonging naturally; essential.
e1: access to the arts is intrinsic to a high quality of life
merit
شایستگی
the quality of being particularly good or worthy, especially so as to deserve praise or reward.
e1: composers of outstanding merit
mound
تپه
remnant
a small remaining quantity of something.
e1: remnants of early civilizations
altitude
ارتفاع
the height of an object or point in relation to sea level or ground level.
e1: flight data including airspeed and altitude
provoke
تحریک
stimulate or give rise to (a reaction or emotion, typically a strong or unwelcome one) in someone.
e1: the decision provoked a storm of protest from civil rights organizations
cohesive (adj.)
منسجم
the action or fact of forming a united whole.
e1: the work at present lacks cohesion
thumping
کوبیدن
pounding or throbbing in a heavy, continuous way.
e1: the thumping beat of her heart
throbbing
ضربان دار
beating with a strong, regular rhythm; pulsating.
e1: throbbing dance music
incite
تحریک کردن
encourage or stir up (violent or unlawful behavior).
e1: the offense of inciting racial hatred
boredom
the state of feeling bored.
e1: the boredom of afternoon duty could be relieved by friendly conversation
midst
in the middle of.
mobilize
بسیج کردن
(of a country or its government) prepare and organize (troops) for active service.
e1: Russia is in no position to mobilize any time soon
massacre
قتل عام
e1: the attack was described as a cold-blooded massacre
radical
supportive of thorough and complete social or political change
e1: When the Vietnam War ended in 1973, radical protest songs generally faded from the popular music scene.
vehicle
a thing used to express, embody, or fulfill something.
e1: I use paint as a vehicle for my ideas
e2: providing a vehicle for expressing the homesickness and loneliness typically connected to a soldier’s life.
constitute
constitute
e1: it is a typical treatment of the five main elements that constitute, or make up, the principal ceremony of the Catholic Church.
ideological
based on a particular set of beliefs or ideas,
especially political ideas
e1: These protest songs expressed a pro-peace ideological perspective
commentary
an analysis or explanation of something such as an event or theory
e1: The commentary on war that Haydn makes in this composition is subtle to the modern ear;
induce
cause, produce, provoke
e1: In fact, the power of music as a social commentary is perhaps the strongest in music that is inspired by war, often inducing powerful reactions in the listener.
clientele
ارباب رجوع
clients collectively.
e1: an upscale clientele
braking
ترمز گرفتن
the action of making a moving vehicle slow down or stop by using a brake.
e1: avoid harsh acceleration and braking
donor
اهدا کننده
a person who donates something, especially money to a fund or charity.
e1: an anonymous donor has given $25
lawsuit
طرح دعوی در دادگاه
a claim or dispute brought to a court of law for adjudication.
e1: his lawyer filed a lawsuit against Los Angeles city
evict
اخراج کردن
expel (someone) from a property, especially with the support of the law.
e1: he had court orders to evict the trespassers from three camps
e2: landlord evicted the renter
fatigue
extreme tiredness resulting from mental or physical exertion or illness.
e1: he was nearly dead with fatigue
nausea
حالت تهوع
a feeling of sickness with an inclination to vomit.
e1: a wave of nausea engulfed him
disturbness
اختلال
impaired
1
weakened or damaged.
an impaired banking system
2
having a disability of a specified kind.
hearing-impaired children
dampen
1
make slightly wet.
e1: the fine rain dampened her face
2
make less strong or intense.
e1: nothing could dampen her enthusiasm
susceptibility to sth
حساسیت
the state or fact of being likely or liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing.
e1: lack of exercise increases susceptibility to disease
file
to officially record something such as a complaint, law case, official document, etc.
e1: Fortunately, many victims of noise pollution
have filed complaints in court.
clause
a part of a written law or legal document covering a particular subject, condition, etc.
e1: To protect workers, lawmakers have drafted noise control clauses into new laws and amended old laws to provide additional safeguards.
deviation
a noticeable difference from what is expected or normal
e1: Observations of fatigue, anxiety, deviations in sleep patterns, and reduction of appetite have also been noted in animals.
convince
sure, certain
e1: Interruption of sleep by noise can cause people to become tense, irritable, and resentful about the cause of the noise, especially if they are convinced that the noise is avoidable.
e2: Many mainstream doctors are not yet convinced of the benefits of alternative medicine.
amend
modified, revised
e1: The grandmother amended her will to include her newborn granddaughter.
distorted
unclear, changed from the norm
e1: After the man had a stroke, his voice was so distorted that we couldn’t figure out what he was trying to say
preliminary
initial, introductory
e1: The preliminary round of voting narrowed the large field of candidates down to two for the main election.
consent
agreement, permission
e1: Researchers must usually obtain the written consent of subjects participating in research studies.
forthcoming
1
before a noun: “happening or coming soon” -She has a part in a forthcoming movie.
2
not before a noun: “given or offered when needed”-If more money is not forthcoming, the theater will have to close.
3
not before a noun: “be willing to give information about something”
[ + about]- The charity has been very forthcoming about its finances
lethargy
بی حالی
a lack of energy and enthusiasm.
e1: periods of weakness and lethargy
countermeasure
اقدام متقابل
an action taken to counteract a danger or threat.
e1: for every clever defense that plants devise, some animal seems to be able to come up with a countermeasure
mitigate
کاهش
make less severe, serious, or painful.
e1: he wanted to mitigate misery in the world
pest
آفت
a destructive insect or other animal that attacks crops, food, livestock, etc.
e1: the tomato plant attracts a pest called whitefly
fetus
جنین
an unborn offspring of a mammal, in particular an unborn human baby more than eight weeks after conception.
corrosion
خوردگی
the process of corroding metal, stone, or other materials.
e1: each aircraft part is sprayed with oil to prevent corrosion
weld
جوش دادن
join together (metal pieces or parts) by heating the surfaces to the point of melting using a blowtorch, electric arc, or other means, and uniting them by pressing, hammering, etc.
the truck had spikes welded to the back
clank
صدا زدن
a loud, sharp sound or series of sounds, as made by pieces of metal being struck together.
e1: the groan and clank of a winch
oscillation
نوسان
movement back and forth at a regular speed.
e1: the natural oscillation of a spring
sonar
a system for the detection of objects under water and for measuring the water’s depth by emitting sound pulses and detecting or measuring their return after being reflected.
e1: a weak sonar signal
