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SFE from Suela > Learning, Emotion, and Cognition > Flashcards

Learning, Emotion, and Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

What is Franz Gall known for?

A

Developed Phrenology

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2
Q

What is Pierre Flourens known for?

A

studied sections of the brain through extirpation / ablation (removed parts).

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3
Q

William James is the founder of what?

A

helped found functionalism

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4
Q

John Watson is known for what?

A

Behaviorism. Studied rats in mazes.

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5
Q

What is Clark Hull’s model?

A

Mathematical Model of Learning

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6
Q

Tolman developed the idea of _______ from his study of rats.

A

Cognitive Maps (rats developed in their brain from mazes) Latent Learning, which is learning that occurs even when there is no training to observe or reward or consequence associated, natural part of our everyday life.

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7
Q

What is W. K. Estes known for?

A

Mathematical psychology-Using mathematical equations to describe the laws of learning and memory.
Stimulus Sampling Theory-explains why individuals don’t always have the same response perfectly every time.

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8
Q

What did Gordon Bower contribute to the psychology of learning?

A

Learning by Insight-People are on a learning curve

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9
Q

What is Herbert Simon known for?

A

Artificial Intelligence-Understanding cognitions by describing how the mind manipulates symbols (internal representations of concepts, qualities, ideas)

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10
Q

What is David Rumelhart’s model?

A

Connectionist Models- network of uniform and unlabeled connections between simple processing units called nodes – connectionist nodes.

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11
Q

What are the two parts of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord, where most of learning and memory action take place

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12
Q

What are the parts and purpose of the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

Consist of nerve fibers carrying information from sensory receptors to CNS (sensory neurons) and carrying instructions from CNS out to muscles (motor neurons).

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13
Q

What is the main function of sensory neurons (afferent neurons)?

A

transmit sensory information from receptors to spinal cord and brain.

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14
Q

What is the function of motor neurons (efferent neurons)?

A

transmit motor information from brain and spinal cord to muscles.

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15
Q

What are Interneurons?

A

are between other neurons and are the most numerous. They are located in the brain and spinal cord and are linked to reflexive behavior (reflex arcs).

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16
Q

Which neurotransmitter transmits nerves impulses to muscles in parasympathetic NS; linked to Alzheimer’s in CNS?

A

Acetylcholine

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17
Q

Which neurotransmitter is involved in controlling alertness and wakefulness?

A

Norepinepherine

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18
Q

Which neurotransmitter plays a role in regulating mood, eating, sleeping, and arousal?

A

Serotonin

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19
Q

What neurotransmitter plays an important role in movement and posture? (High concentrations in basal ganglia)

A

Dopamine

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20
Q

What is the role of GABA in the brain?

A

inhibits postsynaptic potentials and thus stabilizes neural activity in the brain.

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21
Q

Define Korsakoff’s syndrome.

A

serious disturbances in memory, even anterograde amnesia, due to thiamin deficiency (often in chronic alcoholics).

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22
Q

What are the functions of the pituitary gland?

A

releases hormones that regulate activities of endocrine glands. But controlled by hypothalamus. Releases gonadotropic hormones during puberty

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23
Q

What is the Cerebral Cortex?

A

Tissue that covers top and sides of brain

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24
Q

What is the primary function frontal lobe?

A

Executive functioning: planning, decision making, etc.

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25
Q

Temporal Lobe has to do with…?

A

hearing and memory

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26
Q

What is the primary function of the Parietal Lobe?

A

touch sensation, feels difference between sand paper and silk

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27
Q

Which functions are the Occipital Lobe associated with?

A

vision and recognition of world around us

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28
Q

What is the function of the Cerebellum?

A

coordinates movements, important in learning and physical action

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29
Q

What does the Thalamus do?

A

Receives sensory information (sight, sound, touch). Sensory information enter through thalamus distributes the inputs to the corresponding cortical regions (Primary auditory cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, primary visual cortex)

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30
Q

Basal Ganglia is involved in planning and producing ______.

A

skilled movements (throwing a ball, touching nose)

31
Q

The Hippocampus is associated with ________.

A

Learning new information associated with memory,

32
Q

What is the primary function of the Amygdala?

A

emotional strength associated with memory, emotional strength associated with memory

33
Q

Define the Theory of Equipotentiality.

A

The apparent capacity of any intact part of a functional brain to carry out… the [memory] functions which are lost by the destruction of [other parts] (Carl Lashley)

34
Q

What procedure uses X-ray, 2- dimensional, multiple X-rays at multiple angles and Can display abnormalities such as tumors?

A

CT Scan

35
Q

What is an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)?

A

is a test that uses powerful magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make detailed pictures inside your body.
*Brain lesions shows up as blotches

36
Q

What is a DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging)?

A

New type of MRI, Diffusion of water,

Can see bundles of axons better

37
Q

What is a PET (Positron Emission Tomography)?

A

A test that uses a mall amount of radioactive chemicals injected into bloodstream.
Accumulates in region f brain where there is activity and oxygen demands
Chemicals break down and release positron

38
Q

What is a fMRI(functional MRI)?

A

Based on magnet

Looks at blood flow, which is indicative of activity in that region of the brain

39
Q

What is an EEG (Electroencephalography)?

A

Electrodes placed on head
Reflect activity of neurons
Detecting particular electrical activity is difficult because other neurons are also active

40
Q

List three parts of neurons.

A

Dendrites- receives signal
Soma-integrates signal
Axons-transmit information

41
Q

What is the Hommunculus?

A

size of each body part relative to amount of cortex devoted to it.

42
Q

Define Long Term Potentiation.

A

“Neurons that fire together, wire together” Presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron active at same time, LTP can occur.
The neurons show increased electrical responses for a long time after initial event

43
Q

Define Long Term Depression.

A

Synaptic transmission become less effective as a result of recent activity (e.g. Postsynaptic neuron does not respond, decrease in presynaptic neurotransmitter release, or long-term structural change)

44
Q

What is Neurogenesis?

A

This is the formation of new neurons, modifies the brain in adaption to changing environmental conditions. - Related to the process of learning, new cells surviving at a higher rate.

45
Q

What are the parts of Classical Conditioning?

A

Unconditioned Stimulus(US): A cue the has some biological significance and in the absence of prior training naturally evokes a response.
· Unconditioned Response(UR): The naturally occurring response to an US
· Conditioned Stimulus(CS): A cue that is paired with with an US and comes to elicit a conditioned Response(CR).
· Conditioned Response(CR): The trained response to a CS in anticipation of the US that it predicts.

46
Q

What is Extinction?

A

reducing a learned response to a stimulus by ceasing to pair the stimulus with reward or punishment.

47
Q

What is Compound Conditioning?

A

When two cues such as tone and light appear together in a conditioning experiment.

48
Q

What is Overshadowing?

A

When one of the two stimuli in the compound conditioning is more powerful than the other (e.g. Light is dim but the tone is more salient, the tone will overshadow the light).

49
Q

What is Blocking?

A

Learning with one cue (CS) associated with an US blocks later learning of a second cue when the two cues are paired together (when a CS is paired with another stimulus, the second stimulus will not elicit the CR)

50
Q

Sensory Preconditioning

A

Neutral stimuli paired on numerous occasions, when one of them becomes a CS associated with an US, the other one can also produce the CR although it was never used as a CS for this conditioning before.

51
Q

Four types of temporal relations and conditioning

A

· Delay: Conditioning procedure in which there is no temporal gap between the end of the CS and the beginning of the US (CS ends same time as US, e.g. tone and airpuff)
· Simultaneous: Not popular conditioning but the Cs and US start and end at the same time.
· Trace: Common conditioning, this is where there is a temporal gap between the end of the CS and the start of the US
· Backward: Not common, the US occurs before the CS with a temporal gap between the two.

52
Q

Memory Process

three steps

A
  1. Information encoded
  2. Memory retained
  3. Memory retrieved when needed.
53
Q

Interference Theory

A

Proactive - PRevious learning interferes with new learning.
Example: change phone number, but still give old phone number by mistake.
Retroactive – REcent learning disrupting previous learning.
Examples: master new phone number, forget old one.

54
Q

Episodic Memory

A

a. autobiographical content
b. acquired with single exposure (event)
c. repeated exposure weakens memory
d. spatial/temporal context (when/where)

55
Q

Semantic Memory

A

a. acquired through multiple exposures
b. information we “know” (US president)
c. not tied to time/space

56
Q

Theory of Declarative Memory

A

Shallow processing: analysis of information based on physical or sensory characteristics
Deep processing: analysis of information based on meaning (e.g. images, other associations

57
Q

4 Types of Amnesia

A
  1. Anterograde: inability to form new episodic and semantic memories (post-injury)
  2. Retrograde: loss of memory for events that occur in the past (pre-injury)
  3. Ribot Gradient: Memory loss around time of the event (i.e. car accident), but little disruption of events occurring months or years earlier
  4. Transient Global: Starts suddenly, persists for several hours, and gradually dissipates. Perhaps due to temporary interruption of blood flow due to injury or low blood sugar, heart attack or stroke.
58
Q

4 Types of Skills

A
  1. Closed Skills - A skill that involves performing predefined movements that, ideally, never vary. (e.g. Macarena or Pat-a-cake )
  2. Open Skills - A skill in which movements are made on the basis of predictions about changing demands of the environment
  3. Cognitive Skill - Skill that requires problem solving or the application of strategies.
  4. Perceptual-motor skill/Mundane Skills - Learned movement patterns guided by sensory inputs.
59
Q

4 Types of Practice

A

• Massed Practice: Concentrated continuous practice of a skill
• Spaced Practice: PRactice of a skill that is spread out over several sessions
• Constant Practice: Practice involving a constraint set of materials and skill
• Variable Practice: Practice involving the performance of skills in a wide variety of contexts.
Variable leads to better performance but not always

60
Q

Implicit Learning

A

This learning occurs without the learner’s awareness of improvement of performance or, in the case of people with amnesia, awareness that practice has occurred.

61
Q

Explicit Learning

A

This is a learning process that includes the ability to verbalize about the actions or events being learned

62
Q

Apraxia

A
  • Lesions to parietal lobe on left hemisphere, lead to problems with coordination of purposeful skilled movements
  • Can make movements or gestures but cannot combine these steps into appropriate sequence.
63
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

This is gradual damage throughout the brain, the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex. Results in mood disorders, hypersexuality, depression, psychosis. Exhibit memory deficits, difficulty learning tasks that require planning and sequencing.

64
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

lack of dopamine in the basal ganglia. Harder to learn perceptual motor tasks, results in muscular rigidity, muscle tremors. (Deep brain stimulation to relieve temporary sx, does not last)

65
Q

Transient Memories

A

• Short lasting and Temporary memories

66
Q

Visual Sensory Memory

A

temporary storage of memory perceived by your visual system

67
Q

Iconic Memory

A

(visual memory that persists less than half a second) See something in a flash second and remember for a little bit

68
Q

Short Term Memory

A
  • 7 +/- 2

- Limited to what you can pay attention to

69
Q

Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Model

A
  1. a sensory register, where sensory information enters memory,
  2. a short-term store, also called working memory or short-term memory, which receives and holds input from both the sensory register and the long-term store, and
  3. a long-term store, where information which has been rehearsed (explained below) in the short-term store is held indefinitely.
70
Q

Baddeley’s Working Memory Model (three parts)

A
  1. Visuo-Spatial: Holds visual and spatial images for manipulation
  2. Phonological Loop: Hold auditory memories for manipulation (e.g. Hearing a math problem and holding numbers and calculations for manipulation)
  3. Central Executive: Monitors and manipulates both the visuo-spatial and phonological loop.
71
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Critical for working memory and executive control

72
Q

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

A

Supports higher order, executive control functions

73
Q

Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex

A

Supports the encoding and retrieval of information.

SFE from Suela (1 decks)

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