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Year 4: OPIC > Learning DIsabilities > Flashcards

Learning DIsabilities Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the American psychiatric association for learning disabilities.

A
  • Sub average intellectual functioning
  • At least two limited areas of adaptive functioning exist concurrently
  • The disability occurred before the age of 18 years
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2
Q

Describe the aspects that need to be addressed in the history of patients presenting with Learning Disability.

A
  • Communication
  • Self-care
  • Homeliving
  • Socialskills
  • Communityuse
  • Self-direction
  • Health and safety
  • Functionalacademics
  • Leisure
  • Work
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3
Q

What classification of intellectual function would a patient fall under with an IQ of 100+?

A

Normal

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4
Q

What classification of intellectual function would a patient fall under with an IQ of 70-84?

A

Borderline IQ

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5
Q

What classification of intellectual function would a patient fall under with an IQ of 50-69?

A

Mild LD

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6
Q

What classification of intellectual function would a patient fall under with an IQ of 35-49?

A

Moderate LD

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7
Q

What classification of intellectual function would a patient fall under with an IQ of 20-34?

A

Severe LD

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8
Q

What classification of intellectual function would a patient fall under with an IQ of <20?

A

Profound LD

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9
Q

Describe how a patient with borderline intellectual functioning may present.

A
  • Not classified as LD but still vulnerable due to cognitive status
  • Living independently
  • Subtle communication difficulties
  • High-school ‘drop-out’ or in special education
  • Difficulty keeping a job, receiving government assistance
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10
Q

Describe how a patient with a moderate learning disability may present.

A
  • Basic communication skills
  • Requires supervision with self-care
  • Living in supported accommodation
  • Can engage in a structured day programme or workshop activities
  • Community access with staff
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11
Q

Describe how a patient with a mild learning disability may present.

A
  • Relative independence in self-care and daily living skills
  • Can hold a conversation and engage in the clinical interview
  • Abstract concepts e.g. time are difficult
  • Requires varying levels of service support
  • May have paid employment
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12
Q

Describe how a patient with a severe learning disability may present.

A
  • Limited communication
  • Motor impairment
  • Needs supervision in daily activities
  • Living in 24-hour staffed home
  • In alternative day programmes with a combination of skills- based and recreational activities
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13
Q

Describe how a patient with a profound learning disability may present.

A
  • Requires 24-hour supervised care
  • Living either with family or in group home/nursing home
  • Multiple medical problems
  • Inner world largely unavailable to others because of communication difficulty
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14
Q

True or False: a specific learning difficulty (such as dyslexia, dyspraxia, dyscalculia) is a learning disability.

A

False

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15
Q

True or False: emotional behavioural problems are a learning disability.

A

False

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16
Q

True or False: ADHD or ASD is a learning disability.

A

False

17
Q

True or False: an acquired brain injury in adult life is a learning disability.

A

False

18
Q

What is the most common cause of inherited learning disability?

A

Fragile X Syndrome

19
Q

What is the most common genetic cause of learning disability?

A

Down’s Syndrome

20
Q

What is the most common cause of learning disability worldwide?

A

Malnutrition

21
Q

What is meant by cross-boundary in the relation to learning disabilities?

A

A boundary crossing is a deviation from classical therapeutic activity that is harmless, non-exploitative, and possibly supportive of the therapy itself.

22
Q

How would you perform a mental state examination in a patient presenting with a Learning Disability?

A
  • Appearance
  • Behaviour
  • Speech
  • Mood and affect
  • Thought
  • Perception
  • Cognition
  • Insight and judgement
23
Q

What psychotropic medication is used in people with learning disability?

A
  • Antidepressants
  • Benzos
  • Antipsychotics
24
Q

What is the effect of epilepsy on people with severe learning disability?

A
  • More common than the general population (20-30% in comparison to 1%).
  • Multiple types exist in one person at the same time
  • More chance of being treatment resistant
  • Rate of polypharmacy is higher
25
Q

How do you perform a risk assessment in a patient presenting with a Learning Disability?

A

Assess recent changes in behaviour using information from family members, carers, staff or others involved in the assessment as well as information from relevant records and previous assessments. Take into account the nature, quality and length of their relationship with the person.

26
Q

How does the mental capacity act relate to patients with a learning disability?

A

The right of people with a learning disability to make their own decisions has not always been respected. Many people have been viewed as incapable because of their label or diagnosis, or were ‘allowed’ to make decisions by those around
them so long as they were seen by others as making the ‘right’ decision. If someone with a learning disability made a decision that was considered to be unwise by their family or people who support them they were often seen as lacking capacity.

27
Q

Describe the ethical principles that apply when caring for people with Learning Disability.

A 
4 key principles: 
– Inclusion
– Choice
– Independence 
– Rights
28
Q

What sex chromosomal abnormality is present in Turner syndrome?

A

45 XO

29
Q

Name some autosomal dominant disorders.

A

– Tuberous sclerosis
– Neurofibromatosis
– Sturge–Weber syndrome

30
Q

Name some autosomal resessive disorders.

A
  • Disorders of protein metabolism (hereditary aminoacidurias)
    – PKU
  • Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism – Galactosaemia
  • Disorders of fat metabolism (lipidoses) – Cerebromacular degeneration
    – Niemann-Pick disease
  • Mucopolysaccharidoses – Hurlers disease
31
Q

Name some autosomal resessive disorders.

A
  • Disorders of protein metabolism (hereditary aminoacidurias)
    – PKU
  • Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism
    – Galactosaemia
  • Disorders of fat metabolism (lipidoses)
    – Cerebromacular degeneration
    – Niemann-Pick disease
  • Mucopolysaccharidoses
    – Hurlers disease
32
Q

Name some autosomal resessive disorders.

A
  • Disorders of protein metabolism (hereditary aminoacidurias)
    – PKU
  • Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism
    – Galactosaemia
  • Disorders of fat metabolism (lipidoses)
    – Cerebromacular degeneration
    – Niemann-Pick disease
  • Mucopolysaccharidoses
    – Hurlers disease
33
Q

Name some perinatal causes of learning disabilities.

A

• Iatrogenic:
– Radiation, chemotherapy, medication

• Infections
– TORCH group

• Delivery
– Anoxic brain damage
– Prematurity

• Others
– Hyperbilirubinaemia
– Foetal Alcohol Syndrome

34
Q

Name some postnatal causes of learning disabilities.

A
  • Infections
  • Metabolic
  • Endocrine
  • Cerebro-vascular
  • Toxins
  • Trauma
  • Neoplasms
  • Psychosocial
35
Q

Name some postnatal causes of learning disabilities.

A
  • Infections
  • Metabolic
  • Endocrine
  • Cerebro-vascular
  • Toxins
  • Trauma
  • Neoplasms
  • Psychosocial
36
Q

What physical associations are present in patients with Downs syndrome?

A 
• Epilepsy
– Infantile spasms
– Tonic Clonic Seizure,
in middle age
• Hypothyrodism
• Obesity
• Sensoryimpairments
• C-spineabnormalities 7-40% Atlanto Axial Instability
• Recurrent Respiratory Tract and ear infection
• Obstructive sleep apnoea
37
Q

What psychiatric associations are present in patients with Downs syndrome?

A
  • Dementia
  • Depression
  • Hyperactivity
  • Conduct disorder
  • OCD
  • Autism
38
Q

Define autism.

A

Autism is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition, the core features of which are persistent difficulties in social interaction and communication and the presence of stereotypic (rigid and repetitive) behaviours, resistance to change or restricted interests.

Year 4: OPIC (11 decks)

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