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B6W4 > Learning Disabilities > Flashcards

Learning Disabilities Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four aspects of learning disability?

A
  • Significant impairment in intelligence (IQ)
  • Significant impairment in adaptive behaviours (reading, writing, numeracy, self-care etc.)
  • Significant impairment in social functioning (varies with diagnosis - much greater in autism, need for support)
  • Onset during developmental period (<18 years)
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2
Q

According to Gardner (1983) what are the types of intelligence you can get?

A
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3
Q

How can we measure intelligence?

A
  • IQ
  • Stanford-Binet scale (1905)
  • Developed by Binet, modified at standford university
  • Compared 1000s of children to produce age level norms
  • Still used in USA
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4
Q

How do we measure IQ?

A

IQ = Mental Age / Chronological Age (x100)

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5
Q

Explain the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

A
  • Most commonly used scale today
  • David Wechsler 1939 felt that stanford Binet not appropriate for adults as it relied too heavily on language ability
  • Includes verbal and performance subscales
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6
Q

Describe the distribution of IQ

A
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7
Q

What levels of IQ signify learning impairment?

A
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8
Q

What is impairment?

A

An abnormality of a structure or function (e.g. an abnormality of the ear)

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9
Q

What is Disability?

A

Disability is the functional consequence of impairment (e.g. inability to hear certain sounds)

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10
Q

What is Handicap?

A

Handicap is the social consequence of impairment (e.g. loss of job due to communication difficulties)

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11
Q

Briefly, what is the social model of disability?

A

The social model of disability states that disability is seen as a function of society

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12
Q

What is Good Physical, Social & Psychological Health?

A
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13
Q

What are the causes of learning disability?

A
  • Trauma
  • Toxin
  • Tumour
  • Genetic (Chromosomal or Gene)
  • Metabolic
  • Infection
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14
Q

Explain how truama can cause disability

A
  • Birth
  • Related to forceps delivery
  • Venouse delivery
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15
Q

How can toxins cause disability?

A
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16
Q

How can Tumours cause disability?

A

Tuberous Sclerosis:

Adenoma Sabaceum are tumours that are vascular and fibrous in origin and found on the cheeks or within the folds at the side of the mouth and nose.

Also, areas of hypo-pigmentation occur in ovoid or lead-like shapes. Woods light can be used to detect them.

It can also be identified by a section of the cerebral cortex showing tuber like growths on the brain which calcify and become hard or sclerotic

50% of people with TS have a learning disability

17
Q

Describe the genetics of Tuberous Sclerosis

A
  • Autosomal Dominant Disorder

- 80% are new mutations

  • Affects one of two genes that contribute to the production of Hamartin and Tuberin
  • TSC1 - chromosome 9 - TSC2 chromosome 16
  • Responsible for halting the growth of tumours
  • Causes growth of hamartomas across the body
  • Affects brain, skin, kidneys, heart
  • Associated with epilepsy and autism and behavioural disorders
18
Q

What are the genetic causes of disability?

A

Downs Syndrome

  • 95% causes by Trisomy 21
  • 15% develop Hypothyroidism
  • 50% cardiac defects
  • Leukemia = 1%
  • Chest Infections
  • Epilepsy

People with DS are living longer, 45% over 45 develop Alzheimer’s dementia

There is cerebtral atrophy caused by Alzheimer’s disease in a person with down’s syndrome

19
Q

What are the metabolic causes of learning disability?

A

Pehnylketonuria - people with PKU can’t produce tyrosine, an amino acid involved in melanin production. For this reason they are fair skin and blue eyed.

1/10,000 birthds, autosomal recessive gene.

PKU - absence of phenylalanine hydroxase.

Build up of phenylalanine (an amino acid) causes microcephaly, epilepsy (25%) over activity, autism, albinism, and a musty odour (due to ketones produces)

20
Q

What are the diagnostic methods used for detecting Phenylketonuria

A

The Guthrie Test

  • The primary diagnostic test for PKU is the measurement of phenylalanine levels in a drop of blood taken from the heel of a newborn baby’s foot.

This screened procedure is referred to as the Gutherie test.

In this test, PKU is confirmed by the appearance of bacteria growing around high concentrations of phenylalanine in the blood spot.

(Normal development occurs with a low phenylalanine diet and drugs to lower the levels)

21
Q

What infections can cause learning disabilities?

A
22
Q

How can toxoplasmosis cause learning disabilities?

A

A fetus may contract toxoplasmosis through the placental connection with its infected mother. The mother may be infected by: Inproper handling of cat litter, handling or ingesting contaminated meat.

23
Q

What is the Toxoplasmosis Gondi?

A
  • It is a protozoan parasite
  • Toxoplasmosis occurs worldwide in most birds and warm-blooded mammals. It is caused by an infection with Toxoplasma gondii, one of the worlds most common parasites found in undercooked or raw meat, cat faeces.
  • A quater to half of the worlds population is infected, and around 1% of people catch it every year, causing flu like symptoms.
  • However, toxoplasmosis might cause some very serious health problems or even prove fatal for babies born due to infected mothers, and people with immune deficiences. Babies may develop jaundice, seizures or brain damage.
24
Q

How can cerebral infections cause learning disabilities?

A

Encephalitis is often describes as a rare complication of common infections. The introduction of vaccination for measles, mumps and rubella has greatly lowered the rate of encephalitis from these disease.

Within the british isles, Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is the virus most frequently identified.

Worldwide other viruses are found, many of which can be caught by mosquito or tick bites.

Post-infectious Encephalitis/Autoimmune Encephalitis probably accounts for one third of all known cases of encephalitis.

25
Q

What services are available to people with learning disabilities?

A

GP

General Hospital

Liason Nurse

Community LD team

Inpatient Services

B6W4 (4 decks)

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