Learning & Behavior Flashcards
Premack Principle
The Premack Principle is an application of positive reinforcement and involves using a high-frequency behavior as a positive reinforcer for a low-frequency behavior to increase the low-frequency behavior.
Procedural and Declarative memories
Long-term memory consists of procedural and declarative memories: Procedural memories are memories involved in “knowing how.” Declarative memories are memories for “knowing that or what” and are subdivided into semantic and episodic memories. Semantic memories are memories for general knowledge (e.g., facts, rules) and episodic memories are memories for personally experienced events.
Flashbulb memory
Flashbulb memories are distinctly vivid, precise, concrete, long-lasting memories of a personal circumstance surrounding a person’s discovery of shocking events. People remember with almost perceptual clarity details of the context in which they first heard about the news, such as what they were doing, with whom they were with and where they were.
Response cost is another name for
Negative punishment
Covert sensitization
Covert sensitization is a form of behavior therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an unpleasant image in order to eliminate that behavior.
Read more: http://www.minddisorders.com/Br-Del/Covert-sensitization.html#ixzz3nOGD2RLH
Lewinsohn’s behavioral model
attributes depression to a low rate of response-contingent reinforcement due to inadequate reinforcing stimuli in the environment and/or the individual’s lack of skill in obtaining reinforcement.
Biofeedback preferred over relaxation in which clinical presentations?
Biofeedback provides the individual with immediate and continuous feedback about an ongoing physiological process (e.g., muscle tension, blood pressure) with the goal of enabling the individual to exercise voluntary control over that process.
For many disorders (e.g., hypertension, tension headaches), relaxation is about equally effective as biofeedback.
However, thermal biofeedback is a treatment-of-choice for Raynaud’s disease, and
Thermal biofeedback plus autogenic training is an effective treatment for migraine headaches.
Blocking
In classical conditioning, blocking occurs when an association has already been established between a CS and US and, as a result, the CS blocks an association between a second neutral stimulus and the US when the CS and the second neutral stimulus are presented together prior to the US.
ADAPTATION (ASSIMILATION AND ACCOMMODATION)
According to Piaget, cognitive development occurs when a state of disequilibrium brought on by a discrepancy between the person’s current understanding of the world and reality is resolved through adaptation, which entails two complementary processes:
Assimilation is the incorporation of new knowledge into existing cognitive schemas, while
Accommodation is the modification of existing schemas to incorporate new knowledge.
Behavioral inhibition
Kagan (1989) found evidence of both a biological contribution and stability for the temperament trait of behavioral inhibition. His study demonstrated that children identified as either inhibited or uninhibited at 21 months of age can be similarly categorized at 5-1/2 and 7-1/2 years and that level of inhibition is related to physiological responsivity.
Benefits of bilingualism and bilingual education
Bilingualism has been linked with several benefits including higher scores on measures of cognitive flexibility, cognitive complexity, analytical reasoning, and metalinguistic awareness.
However, that these benefits are temporary and that, by adolescence, bilingual and monolingual speakers are indistinguishable in terms of these characteristics.
Crystalized and fluid intelligence
In psychology, fluid and crystallized intelligence (respectively abbreviated Gf and Gc) are factors of general intelligence, originally identified by Raymond Cattell.[1] Concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence were further developed by Cattell’s student, John L. Horn.
Fluid intelligence or fluid reasoning is the capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge. It is the ability to analyze novel problems, identify patterns and relationships that underpin these problems and the extrapolation of these using logic. It is necessary for all logical problem solving, e.g., in scientific, mathematical, and technical problem solving. Fluid reasoning includes inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning.
Crystallized intelligence is the ability to use skills, knowledge, and experience. It does not equate to memory, but it does rely on accessing information from long-term memory. Crystallized intelligence is one’s lifetime of intellectual achievement, as demonstrated largely through one’s vocabulary and general knowledge. This improves somewhat with age, as experiences tend to expand one’s knowledge.
Response cost
A type of negative punishment (operant conditioning)
Involves removing a pleasant behavior following a behavior
