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Pharmacy foundations part 1 > Learning Basic Science Concepts > Flashcards

Learning Basic Science Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What is a substrate?

A

a substance that creates a signal by binding (to a receptor, enzyme, transporter) to produce an effect

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2
Q

What is endogenous?

A

a substance that is produced by the body (such as naturally-produced substrate)

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3
Q

What is exogenous?

A

a substance that is produced outside of the body (such as a drug or other chemical)

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4
Q

What is an agonist?

A

a substance that combines with a receptor to initiate a reaction. can be endogenous or exogenous

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5
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

a substance that reduces or blocks a reaction. can be endogenous or exogenous

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6
Q

What is induction?

A

when a substance increases the activity of an enzyme

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7
Q

What is inhibition?

A

when a substance decreases or blocks the activity of an enzyme

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8
Q

When does competitive inhibition occur?

A

when an antagonist binds to the same active site of a receptor as the endogenous substrate, preventing the activity

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9
Q

When does non-competitive inhibition occur?

A

when the antagonist binds to the receptor at a site other than the active site, which changes the shape of the active site and prevents the endogenous substrate from binding

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10
Q

What is the endogenous substrate for the muscarinic receptor?

A

acetylcholine

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11
Q

What is the agonist action for the muscarinic receptor?

A

increase salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea/defecation and digestion

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12
Q

What is the antagonist action for the muscarinic receptor?

A

decrease salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea/defecation and digestion

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13
Q

What is the endogenous substrate for the nictoinic receptor?

A

acetylcholine

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14
Q

What is the agonist action for the nicotinic receptor?

A

increased HR and BP

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15
Q

What is the antagonist action for the nicotinic receptor?

A

neuromuscular blockade

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16
Q

What is the endogenous substrate for alpha-1 receptor?

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

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17
Q

What is the agonist action for alpha-1 receptor?

A

smooth muscle vasoconstriction and increased BP

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18
Q

What is the antagonist action for alpha-1 receptor?

A

smooth muscle vasodilation and decreased BP

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19
Q

What is the endogenous substrate for alpha 2 receptor?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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20
Q

What is the agonist action for alpha 2 receptor?

A

decreased release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, decrease blood pressure

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21
Q

What is the antagonist action for alpha 2 receptor?

A

increase blood pressure

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22
Q

What is the endogenous substrate for beta-1 receptor?

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

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23
Q

What is the agonist action for beta-1 receptor?

A

increased myocardial contractility, cardiac output, and heart rate

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24
Q

What is the antagonist action for beta-1 receptor?

A

decreased cardiac output and heart rate

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25
What is the endogenous substrate for beta-2 receptor?
epinephrine
26
What is the agonist action for beta-2 receptor?
bronchodilation
27
What is the antagonist action for beta-2 receptor?
bronchoconstriction
28
What is the endogenous substrate for dopamine receptor?
dopamine
29
What is the agonist action for dopamine receptor?
many including renal, cardiac, and CNS affects
30
What are the antagonist actions for dopamine receptor?
many including renal, cardiac, and CNS affects
31
What is the endogenous substrate for serotonin receptor?
serotonin (5-HT)
32
What is the agonist action for serotonin receptor?
many including platelet, GI and psychiatric effects
33
What is the antagonist action for serotonin receptor?
many including platelet, GI and psychiatric effects
34
What are examples of vasopressors?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
35
What does vasopressors do?
stimulate multiple receptors, including alpha-1 and beta-1, leading to increased vasoconstriction, HR, and BP
36
What are enzymes?
compounds that speed up (catalyze) a reaction
37
What does monoamine oxidase (MAO) do?
responsible for breaking down catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin)
38
What are endogenous effects of acetylcholinesterase?
breaks down acetylcholine (ACh)
39
What are drug actions of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors?
block acetylcholineterase, resulting in increased ACh levels; used to treat alzheimer's disease
40
What are the endogenous effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)?
converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor)
41
What is the drug action of ACE inhibitors?
inhibits production of angiotensin II, resulting in decreased vasoconstriction and decreased aldosterone secretion; used to treat HTN, HF, and Kidney disease
42
What is the endogenous effects of cetechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)?
breaks down levodopa
43
What is the drug action of COMT inhibitors?
blocks COMT enzyme to prevent peripheral breakdown of levodopa, resulting in increased duration of action of levodopa; used to treat parkinson disease
44
What is the endogenous effects of cyclooxygenase (COX)?
converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins (cause inflammation) and thromboxane A2 (causes platelet aggregation)
45
What is the drug action of COX inhibitors?
block COX enzymes to decrease prostaglandins and thromboxane A2; used to treat pain/inflammation and decrease platelet activation/aggregation (aspirin)
46
What is the drug action of MAO inhibitors?
block MAO which increases catecholamine levels; used to treat depression. if catecholamines increase too much, toxic. effects can occur, such as hypertensive crisis or serotonin syndrome
47
What is the endogenous effects of vitamin K epoxide reductase?
converts vitamin K to the active form required for production of select clotting factors
48
What is the drug action of vitamin K epoxide reductase inhibitors?
blocks vitamin K epoxide reductase enzyme which decreases production of clotting factors II, VII, IX and X; used to treat or prevent blood clots
49
What are the endogenous effects of xanthine oxidase?
breaks down hypoxanthine and xanthine into uric acid
50
What are the drug actions of xanthine oxidase inhibitors?
blocks xanthine oxidase enzyme which decreases uric acid production; used to prevent gout attacks
51
What does the central nervous system (CNS) include?
the brain and the spinal cord
52
Where does the CNS send signals?
peripheral nervous syndrome (PNS)
53
What are neurotransmitters (NT)?
the bodys chemical messengers, used to transmit signals in the nervous system
54
What are the two main systems in the PNS?
somatic and autonomic
55
What is the somatic nervous system ?
(voluntary) controls muscle movement by sending signals through neurons to release acetylcholine (ACh). ACh then works on nicotinic receptors in the skeletal muscles
56
What is the autonomic nervous system?
(involuntary) controls other bodily functions, such as digestion, cardiac output and blood pressure
57
What are the two main parts of the autonomic nervous system?
parasympathetic and sympathetic
58
What is the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)?
rest and digest; works by releasing ACh on to muscarinic receptors located throughout the body, including the GI tract, the bladder, and the eyes
59
What is the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?
fight or flight; works by releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine, which act on adrenergic receptors in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Resulting in increased BP, HR and bronchodilation
60
What are the three main types of chemical reactions that cause most drugs to become unstable and degrade?
oxidation-reduction, photolysis, hydrolysis
61
What happens to a compound when it is oxidized?
it loses electrons
62
What happens to a compound when it is reduced?
it gains electrons
63
When can oxidation increase?
in the presence of oxygen, light, increased temperature, changes to pH and some metal anions
64
How is oxidation visible?
with a color change, such as epinephrine becoming amber colored (yellow/orange), while others may turn pink/reddish
65
What molecular structures are most likely to oxidize?
those with a hydroxyl (-OH) group directly bonded to an aromatic ring, such as catecholamines, phenolics, and aldehydes
66
What is photolysis?
breakage of covalent bonds from UV light exposure
67
What compounds are likely to become degraded by light exposure?
ascorbic acid, folic acid, nitroprusside and phytonadione injections
68
What is hydrolysis?
occurs when water causes the cleavage of a bond in a molecule
69
Why are dessicants used in medications that are susceptible to hydrolysis?
to soak up any moisture that enters the container
70
Which functions groups are susceptible to hydrolysis?
esters, amides, and lactams
71
What is isomerization?
when a compound changes into a form with the same atoms but an inactive structure
72
What is epimerization?
when a compound changes into an isomer that differs only in the configuration of the atoms
73
What is decarboxylation?
happens to compounds with dissolved carboxylic acids. when heated, the carbon dioxide is lost from the carboxyl group. drugs at risk can be kept in the fridge

Pharmacy foundations part 1 (2 decks)

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