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Pharmacy foundations part 1 > Learning Basic Science Concepts > Flashcards

Learning Basic Science Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What is a substrate?

A

a substance that creates a signal by binding (to a receptor, enzyme, transporter) to produce an effect

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2
Q

What is endogenous?

A

a substance that is produced by the body (such as naturally-produced substrate)

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3
Q

What is exogenous?

A

a substance that is produced outside of the body (such as a drug or other chemical)

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4
Q

What is an agonist?

A

a substance that combines with a receptor to initiate a reaction. can be endogenous or exogenous

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5
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

a substance that reduces or blocks a reaction. can be endogenous or exogenous

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6
Q

What is induction?

A

when a substance increases the activity of an enzyme

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7
Q

What is inhibition?

A

when a substance decreases or blocks the activity of an enzyme

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8
Q

When does competitive inhibition occur?

A

when an antagonist binds to the same active site of a receptor as the endogenous substrate, preventing the activity

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9
Q

When does non-competitive inhibition occur?

A

when the antagonist binds to the receptor at a site other than the active site, which changes the shape of the active site and prevents the endogenous substrate from binding

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10
Q

What is the endogenous substrate for the muscarinic receptor?

A

acetylcholine

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11
Q

What is the agonist action for the muscarinic receptor?

A

increase salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea/defecation and digestion

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12
Q

What is the antagonist action for the muscarinic receptor?

A

decrease salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea/defecation and digestion

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13
Q

What is the endogenous substrate for the nictoinic receptor?

A

acetylcholine

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14
Q

What is the agonist action for the nicotinic receptor?

A

increased HR and BP

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15
Q

What is the antagonist action for the nicotinic receptor?

A

neuromuscular blockade

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16
Q

What is the endogenous substrate for alpha-1 receptor?

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

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17
Q

What is the agonist action for alpha-1 receptor?

A

smooth muscle vasoconstriction and increased BP

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18
Q

What is the antagonist action for alpha-1 receptor?

A

smooth muscle vasodilation and decreased BP

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19
Q

What is the endogenous substrate for alpha 2 receptor?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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20
Q

What is the agonist action for alpha 2 receptor?

A

decreased release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, decrease blood pressure

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21
Q

What is the antagonist action for alpha 2 receptor?

A

increase blood pressure

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22
Q

What is the endogenous substrate for beta-1 receptor?

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

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23
Q

What is the agonist action for beta-1 receptor?

A

increased myocardial contractility, cardiac output, and heart rate

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24
Q

What is the antagonist action for beta-1 receptor?

A

decreased cardiac output and heart rate

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25
Q

What is the endogenous substrate for beta-2 receptor?

A

epinephrine

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26
Q

What is the agonist action for beta-2 receptor?

A

bronchodilation

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27
Q

What is the antagonist action for beta-2 receptor?

A

bronchoconstriction

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28
Q

What is the endogenous substrate for dopamine receptor?

A

dopamine

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29
Q

What is the agonist action for dopamine receptor?

A

many including renal, cardiac, and CNS affects

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30
Q

What are the antagonist actions for dopamine receptor?

A

many including renal, cardiac, and CNS affects

31
Q

What is the endogenous substrate for serotonin receptor?

A

serotonin (5-HT)

32
Q

What is the agonist action for serotonin receptor?

A

many including platelet, GI and psychiatric effects

33
Q

What is the antagonist action for serotonin receptor?

A

many including platelet, GI and psychiatric effects

34
Q

What are examples of vasopressors?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

35
Q

What does vasopressors do?

A

stimulate multiple receptors, including alpha-1 and beta-1, leading to increased vasoconstriction, HR, and BP

36
Q

What are enzymes?

A

compounds that speed up (catalyze) a reaction

37
Q

What does monoamine oxidase (MAO) do?

A

responsible for breaking down catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin)

38
Q

What are endogenous effects of acetylcholinesterase?

A

breaks down acetylcholine (ACh)

39
Q

What are drug actions of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors?

A

block acetylcholineterase, resulting in increased ACh levels; used to treat alzheimer’s disease

40
Q

What are the endogenous effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)?

A

converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor)

41
Q

What is the drug action of ACE inhibitors?

A

inhibits production of angiotensin II, resulting in decreased vasoconstriction and decreased aldosterone secretion; used to treat HTN, HF, and Kidney disease

42
Q

What is the endogenous effects of cetechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)?

A

breaks down levodopa

43
Q

What is the drug action of COMT inhibitors?

A

blocks COMT enzyme to prevent peripheral breakdown of levodopa, resulting in increased duration of action of levodopa; used to treat parkinson disease

44
Q

What is the endogenous effects of cyclooxygenase (COX)?

A

converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins (cause inflammation) and thromboxane A2 (causes platelet aggregation)

45
Q

What is the drug action of COX inhibitors?

A

block COX enzymes to decrease prostaglandins and thromboxane A2; used to treat pain/inflammation and decrease platelet activation/aggregation (aspirin)

46
Q

What is the drug action of MAO inhibitors?

A

block MAO which increases catecholamine levels; used to treat depression. if catecholamines increase too much, toxic. effects can occur, such as hypertensive crisis or serotonin syndrome

47
Q

What is the endogenous effects of vitamin K epoxide reductase?

A

converts vitamin K to the active form required for production of select clotting factors

48
Q

What is the drug action of vitamin K epoxide reductase inhibitors?

A

blocks vitamin K epoxide reductase enzyme which decreases production of clotting factors II, VII, IX and X; used to treat or prevent blood clots

49
Q

What are the endogenous effects of xanthine oxidase?

A

breaks down hypoxanthine and xanthine into uric acid

50
Q

What are the drug actions of xanthine oxidase inhibitors?

A

blocks xanthine oxidase enzyme which decreases uric acid production; used to prevent gout attacks

51
Q

What does the central nervous system (CNS) include?

A

the brain and the spinal cord

52
Q

Where does the CNS send signals?

A

peripheral nervous syndrome (PNS)

53
Q

What are neurotransmitters (NT)?

A

the bodys chemical messengers, used to transmit signals in the nervous system

54
Q

What are the two main systems in the PNS?

A

somatic and autonomic

55
Q

What is the somatic nervous system ?

A

(voluntary) controls muscle movement by sending signals through neurons to release acetylcholine (ACh). ACh then works on nicotinic receptors in the skeletal muscles

56
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

(involuntary) controls other bodily functions, such as digestion, cardiac output and blood pressure

57
Q

What are the two main parts of the autonomic nervous system?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

58
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)?

A

rest and digest; works by releasing ACh on to muscarinic receptors located throughout the body, including the GI tract, the bladder, and the eyes

59
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?

A

fight or flight; works by releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine, which act on adrenergic receptors in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Resulting in increased BP, HR and bronchodilation

60
Q

What are the three main types of chemical reactions that cause most drugs to become unstable and degrade?

A

oxidation-reduction, photolysis, hydrolysis

61
Q

What happens to a compound when it is oxidized?

A

it loses electrons

62
Q

What happens to a compound when it is reduced?

A

it gains electrons

63
Q

When can oxidation increase?

A

in the presence of oxygen, light, increased temperature, changes to pH and some metal anions

64
Q

How is oxidation visible?

A

with a color change, such as epinephrine becoming amber colored (yellow/orange), while others may turn pink/reddish

65
Q

What molecular structures are most likely to oxidize?

A

those with a hydroxyl (-OH) group directly bonded to an aromatic ring, such as catecholamines, phenolics, and aldehydes

66
Q

What is photolysis?

A

breakage of covalent bonds from UV light exposure

67
Q

What compounds are likely to become degraded by light exposure?

A

ascorbic acid, folic acid, nitroprusside and phytonadione injections

68
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

occurs when water causes the cleavage of a bond in a molecule

69
Q

Why are dessicants used in medications that are susceptible to hydrolysis?

A

to soak up any moisture that enters the container

70
Q

Which functions groups are susceptible to hydrolysis?

A

esters, amides, and lactams

71
Q

What is isomerization?

A

when a compound changes into a form with the same atoms but an inactive structure

72
Q

What is epimerization?

A

when a compound changes into an isomer that differs only in the configuration of the atoms

73
Q

What is decarboxylation?

A

happens to compounds with dissolved carboxylic acids. when heated, the carbon dioxide is lost from the carboxyl group. drugs at risk can be kept in the fridge

Pharmacy foundations part 1 (2 decks)

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