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BMS 420 Exam 2 > Learning Assesments Exam 2 > Flashcards

Learning Assesments Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

At rest, the majority of the blood within the cardiovascular system is

a. located in the capillary compartment.
b. evenly distributed throughout the vessels.
c. located in the venules and veins.
d. is located in the pulmonary circulation.

A

C- within the venules and veins.

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2
Q

Movement of substances across the capillary wall is called ________________ transport and occurs primarily due to _____________.
a. convective; bulk flow
b. transcapillary; active transport
c. transcapillary; passive diffusion
d. convective; passive diffusion

A

c. transcapillary; passive diffusion

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3
Q

The most abundant type of capillary is known as ______________.
a. fenestrated
b. discontinuous
c. sinusoid
d. continuous

A

D. continous

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4
Q

Sinusoid, or discontinuous, capillaries are commonly found in -

A

Spleen, bone marrow, liver.

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5
Q

The driving force responsible for moving water through transcapillary pores into the interstitial fluid compartment is the -

a. diffusion pressure
b. filtration pressure
c. hydrostatic pressure
d. oncotic pressure

A

c - hydrostatic pressure.

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6
Q

Increased capillary permeability allows for the movement of proteins _________ the plasma resulting in a/an ____________ in plasma oncotic pressure.

a. into; decrease
b. out of; decrease
c. out of; increase

A

b - out of; decrease

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7
Q

Lymph flow through the lymphatic system is affected by:

A
  1. Contraction of lymphatic smooth muscle.
  2. Skeletal muscle pump.
  3. Interstitial pressure.
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8
Q

Lymphatic vessels are similar too -

A

Veins.

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9
Q

The lymphatic system helps maintain tissue homeostasis by returning fluid to the cardiovascular system via the __________________.
a. hepatic vein
b. right atrium
c. inferior vena cava
d. left and right subclavian veins

A

d. Left and right subclavian veins.

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10
Q

Interaction between blood and endothelial cells leads to _______________.
a. increased velocity
b. laminar flow
c. shear stress
d. mixing of plasma components

A

c - shear stress

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11
Q

Increased shear stress activates cell signaling pathways that can lead to _______________.

a. vessel dilation
b. vessel constriction
c. no change in vessel diameter

A

a - vessel dilation.

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12
Q

The primary cellular pathway responsible for vascular smooth muscle relaxation in response to shear stress results in the production of ____________.

a. cAMP
b. bradykinin
c. endothelial derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)
d. nitric oxide (NO)

A

d - Nitric oxide (NO)

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13
Q

Vessel branching or narrowing can cause flow through the vessel to become _____________.

a. more consistent
b. turbulent
c. slower
d. laminar

A

b - turbulent.

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14
Q

As we age and arteries become stiffer, pulse pressure typically __________.
a. decreases
b. does not change
c. increases

A

c - increases

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15
Q

Flow and pressure fluctuate during the cardiac cycle and lead to a characteristic pressure waveform. The dicrotic wave portion is the result of:

a. the closing of the left AV valve.
b. the rapid ejection of blood into the aorta from the
left ventricle.
c. the closing of the aortic valve.
d. blood flowing away from the heart during diastole.

A

d - blood flowing away from the heart during diastole.

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16
Q

Arteriolar vasoconstriction will result in:

a. increased oncotic pressure in the capillaries and veins.
b. decreased oncotic pressure in the capillaries and veins.
c. increased hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries and veins.

d. decreased hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries and veins.

A

d. decreased hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries and veins.

and will favor reabsorption!

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17
Q

Arteriolar vasodilation will result in _____________ in arterial blood pressure.

a. an increase
b. no change
c. a decrease

A

c. a decrease

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18
Q

For a given arterial compliance, a decrease in stroke volume will result in ______________ in pulse pressure.

a. a decrease
b. an increase
c. no change

A

a - a decrease

Decreased SV = Decreased CO = Decreased pulse pressure.

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19
Q

Shear stress is _________________ to changes in vessel radius.
a. directly proportional
b. equal to
c. indirectly proportional

A

c - indirectly proportional.

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20
Q

Vessels with a high elastin to smooth muscle & collagen ratio have a ____________ compliance.
a. high
b. low

A

a - high. (veins)

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21
Q

Due to their lower compliance compared to veins, arteries are able to act as a __________ reservoir, helping to maintain blood pressure on a beat-to-beat basis.

a. pulsatile
b. pressure
c. flow
d. volume

A

b - pressure

veins act as a volume reservoir

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22
Q

Veins are able to act as a __________ reservoir.

a. pulsatile
b. pressure
c. flow
d. volume

A

d - volume reservoir.

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23
Q

The windkessel effect helps (select all that apply)

a. to dampen fluctuations in blood pressure.
b. to move blood forward during diastole.
c. to move blood forward during systole.
d. to increase mean arterial pressure during systole.

A

A - Dampen fluctuations in blood pressure.
B - Move blood forward during diastole.

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24
Q

The windkessel effect relies on the ____________ properties of the ___________.

a. compliant; arterioles
b. elastic; capillaries
c. elastic; arteries
d. compliant; veins

A

c. elastic; arteries

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25
Q

Due to the low elasticity of veins, the forward flow of blood back to the heart is dependent on __________ to increase venous return (select all that apply)

a. increased heart rate
b. contraction of skeletal muscles.
c. the presence of 1-way valves
d. parasympathetic input to vascular smooth muscle,
e. sympathetic input to vascular smooth muscle,

A

b - contraction of skeletal muscle.
c - Presence of one-way valves.
e - sympathetic input to the vascular smooth muscle (contraction)

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26
Q

When rapidly standing up after laying down, the volume of blood in the venous compartment of the lower extremities initially ___________ due to the high degree of venous ____________.

a. decreases; compliance
b. increases; compliance
c. increases, elasticity
d. decreases; elasticity

A

b - increases; compliance

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27
Q

If cardiovascular reflexes do not quickly initiate vascular smooth muscle contractions in the veins when rapidly rising from a supine position, ___________ is reduced and leads to a drop in _________.

a. venous return; heart rate
b. mean arterial pressure; heart rate
c. heart rate; cardiac output
d. venous return; mean arterial pressure

A

d. venous return; mean arterial pressure

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28
Q

Capillaries are not very compliant because they lack (select all that apply)

  1. collagen
  2. elastin
  3. endothelial cells.
  4. smooth muscle.
A
  1. collagen
  2. elastin.
  3. smooth muscle.
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29
Q

Increasing the resistance of arterioles will cause:

a. Resistance will not increase or decrease blood flow
b. An increase in blood flow
c. A decrease in blood flow
d.No change in blood flow

A

c - a decrease in blood flow.

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30
Q

Stimulation of these receptors on the vascular smooth muscle cell will cause vascular smooth muscle contraction (select the best answer):

a. Only alpha 2 receptors
b. Beta 1 & 2 receptors
c. Alpha 1 & 2 receptors
d. Only alpha 1 receptors

A

c. Alpha 1 & 2 receptors

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31
Q

How will constriction of the venous system, termed venoconstriction, change venous return?

a. Venoconstriction causes a decrease in venous return
b. Venoconstriction will not change venous return
c. Venoconstriction causes an increase in venous return
d. Venoconstriction completely cease venous return

A

c - venoconstriction causes an increase in venous return.

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32
Q

Stimulation of these receptors on the vascular smooth muscle cell will cause vascular smooth muscle relaxation:

a. Alpha 1 & 2 receptors
b. Alpha 1 receptors
c. Alpha 2 receptors
d. Beta 2 receptors

A

d - beta 2 receptors.

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33
Q

What occurs to the blood pressure upstream and downstream from an area of vascular constriction?

A

Increase blood pressure upstream and decreased blood pressure downstream

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34
Q

A decrease in intracellular cAMP concentrations will cause what to occur in the vascular smooth muscle cell:

a. Vascular smooth muscle contraction and no change in vascular resistance
b. Vascular smooth muscle contraction and an increase in vascular resistance
c. Vascular smooth muscle relaxation and an increase in vascular resistance
d. Vascular smooth muscle relaxation and no change in vascular resistance

A

b. Vascular smooth muscle contraction and an increase in vascular resistance

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35
Q

Venoconstriction will cause an increase in __________ causing an increased __________
a. Preload; Cardiac Output
b. Vascular smooth muscle relaxation; blood pressure
c. Blood pressure; NE release
d. NE release; vascular smooth muscle relaxation

A

a. Preload; Cardiac Output

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36
Q

What will a decrease in arterial tone do to venous return?
a. Will not change venous return
b. Will not increase or decrease venous tone
c. Will cause decreased venous return
d. Will cause increased venous return

A

d. Will cause increased venous return

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37
Q

Changes in arteriolar tone cause a _________ of the venous function curve, while a change in venous tone causes the venous function curve to _______.

A
  1. rotation
  2. Shift
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38
Q

Vascular smooth muscle has very few gap junctions which requires smooth muscle fibers to be stimulated individually in order to contract. This type of smooth muscle is known as ________.

a. single-unit
b. multi-unit
c. a motor unit
d. a functional syncytium

A

b - multi-unit

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39
Q

During a period of decreased or arrested blood flow, __________ hyperemia occurs, which is a type of __________ autoregulation.
Correct Answer
a. Active; myogenic
b. Active; metabolic
c. Reactive; myogenic
d. Reactive; metabolic

A

d. Reactive; metabolic

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40
Q

What type of autoregulatory mechanism will prevail when you have an increase in blood flow WITHOUT an increase in local metabolites?

A

myogenic autoregulation

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41
Q

The automatic adjustment of blood blow to each tissue in proportion to its metabolic requirements is known as ____________.
a. extrinsic regulation
b. self-regulation
c. autoregulation

A

c - autoregulation

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42
Q

The most important factor influencing local blood flow to/through a tissue is __________.

a. mean arterial pressure
b. cellular/tissue metabolic activity
c. parasympathetic nervous system regulation
d. sympathetic nervous system regulation

A

b - cellular/tissue metabolic activity.

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43
Q

Autoregulatory changes in vessel diameter (i.e., tone) occur primarily at the level of the ___________.

A

arterioles

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44
Q

Myogenic autoregulation can result in a short-term ________ in local blood pressure in order to ________ flow through a tissue/organ.

a. increase; maintain a constant
b. decrease; decrease
c. decrease; maintain a constant
d. increase; increase

A

a. increase; maintain a constant

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45
Q

Arteriolar tone changes in response to (select all correct answers)

a. changes in the composition of the plasma.
b. changes in tissue metabolism.
c. changes in the composition of the interstitial fluid.
d. changes in the composition of venous blood.

A

b - changes in tissue metabolism.
c - changes in composition of the interstitial fluid (local metabolites)

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46
Q

Almost all tissue metabolites act as

A

vasodilators

47
Q

Metabolic control of arteriolar blood flow can vary by tissue. For example, a decrease in oxygen pressure within the systemic circulation leads to ____________, while in the pulmonary circulation it leads to ______________.

a. no change in arteriolar tone; vasoconstriction
b. vasoconstriction; vasodilation
c. vasodilation; no change in arteriolar tone
d. vasodilation; vasoconstriction

A

b - vasodilation, vasoconstriction.

48
Q

Most vasodilatory agents work to cause relaxation of vascular smooth muscle by activation of ___________ that leads to _________ of the smooth muscle cell.

a. sodium channels; depolarization
b. potassium channels; hyperpolarization
c. potassium channels; depolarization
d. sodium channels; hyperpolarization

A

b. potassium channels; hyperpolarization

49
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine cause vasoconstriction through the binding of what receptors?
a. Beta 1
b. Beta 2
c. Alpha 2
d. Alpha 1

A

d. Alpha 1

50
Q

Low doses of epinephrine in the blood stream will cause __________ via __________ receptors:

a. Vasodilation; Beta 2 receptors
b. Vasodilation; Alpha 2 receptors
c. Vasoconstriction; Beta 2 receptors
d. Vasoconstriction; Beta 1 receptors

A

a. Vasodilation; Beta 2 receptors

51
Q

Vasopressin responds to __________ plasma and causes a/an __________ in fluid reabsorption from the kidney.

a. Hypo-osmotic; decrease
b. Hyper-osmotic; decrease
c. Hyper-osmotic; increase
d. Hypo-osmotic; increase

A

c. Hyper-osmotic; increase

52
Q

___________ is secreted by the liver, which meets a hormone secreted by the kidney, called __________, and is converted to __________. It then travels to endothelial cells in the lung where it is converted to __________.

a. Angiotensin II; Renin; Angiotensinogen; Angiotensin I b. Angiotensin I; Angiotensinogen; Angiotensin II; Renin
c. Angiotensinogen; Renin; Angiotensin I; Angiotensin II
d. Renin; Angiotensinogen; Angiotensin II; Angiotensin I

A

c. Angiotensinogen; Renin; Angiotensin I; Angiotensin II

53
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide is released in response to __________?

A

increased blood pressure or volume

54
Q

Endothelial cells perform functions such as:

a. Production of substances involved in the blood clotting cascade
b. All of the above
c. Enzymatic conversation of circulating hormones (ex: angiotensin I  angiotensin II)
d. Angiogenesis and vascular remodeling

A

b. All of the above

55
Q

Endothelial Hyperpolarizing Factor causes vasodilation by making it more difficult for the cell to __________.
a. Polarize
b. Depolarize
c. Hyperpolarize
d. Hypopolarize

A

b. Depolarize

56
Q

Shear stress, bradykinin, and ADP causes __________ to vascular smooth muscle cell

A

vasodilation

57
Q

Aldosterone is a hormone secreted from the __________ that causes __________ at the level of the kidney?

a. Kidney; sodium and water retention
b. Adrenal cortex; sodium and water retention
c. Adrenal medulla; vasodilation
d. Liver; vasodilation

A

b. Adrenal cortex; sodium and water retention

58
Q

ACE inhibitors are a class of medication utilized to treat hypertension through the interference with the synthesis of this hormone:

a. Angiotensin II
b. Angiotensin I
c. Angiotensinogen
d. Aldosterone

A

a. Angiotensin II

59
Q

What is the most important short term mechanism for regulating mean arterial pressure?
a. Venous pooling
b. Arterial Baroreceptor Reflex
c. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
d. Metaboreflex

A

b. Arterial Baroreceptor Reflex

60
Q

Where are the two areas of the body where baroreceptors are present?
a. Inferior Vena Cava; Carotid
b. Aorta; Carotid
c. Lungs; Aorta
d. Aorta; Inferior Vena Cava

A

b. Aorta; Carotid

61
Q

What is the main mechanical stimulus that alters baroreceptor firing rate?

a. Stretch
b. PaCO2 increase
c. PaCO2 decrease
d. Shear Stress

A

a. Stretch

62
Q

Which baroreceptor location is more sensitive to changes in blood pressure?

a. Aortic baroreceptors
b. Inferior Vena Cava Aortic baroreceptors
c. Pulmonary Vein baroreceptors
d. Carotid baroreceptors

A

d. Carotid baroreceptors

63
Q

What are the main stimulatory and inhibitory portion of the medullary cardiovascular control center, respectively?

RN; RVLM
NA; RVLM
NTS; NA
RVLM; RN

A

RVLM; RN

64
Q

A “disturbance” causing an increase in mean arterial pressure will cause __________ to increase and __________ to decrease as the “counteracting response”:

a. Parasympathetic Activity; Sympathetic Activity
b. Circulating Catecholamines; Parasympathetic Activity
c. Vagal Tone; Baroreceptor Firing Rate
d. Sympathetic Activity; Parasympathetic Activity

A

a. Parasympathetic Activity; Sympathetic Activity

65
Q

What is the most immediate response mechanism to acute changes in blood pressure?

a. Chemoreceptors only
b. Baroreceptors only
c. None of the above
d. Baroreceptors and Chemoreceptors

A

b. Baroreceptors only

66
Q

What would the response in blood volume be from a primary disturbance of an increase in mean arterial pressure?

A

decreased blood volume via atrial naturetic peptide.

67
Q

Decreased central venous return will do what to stroke volume?

A

decrease stroke volume

68
Q

Is the Arterial Baroreceptor Reflex a negative feedback loop?

True
False

A

True

69
Q

An increase in the acceleration force on the body that causes a foot-ward shift in blood is known as a _____________________.

a. primary disturbance
b. feedback loop
c. compensatory response

A

a. primary disturbance

70
Q

When you accelerate after being stopped at a red light, the acceleration force is being applied in the _________ axis.
Gz
Gy
Gx

A

Gx

Gx = back to front.
Gy = Left to right.
Gz = Up and down.

71
Q

Which of the following influence the severity of the physiological effects of gravity: (select all that apply)

a. Duration of the acceleration force
b. Direction of the acceleration force
c. The magnitude of the acceleration force

A

All of the above.

72
Q

_________ acceleration occurs as the result of a change in speed and direction.
a. Linear
b. Radial
c. Angular

A

c. Angular

Radial acceleration = change in direction, not speed.
Linear acceleration = Change in speed, not direction.

73
Q

Upon entry into microgravity, astronauts experience a head-ward shift in fluids. Which of the following cardiovascular responses occurs as a result? (select all correct answers)

a. An increase in central venous pressure.
b. An increase in urine formation to reduce plasma volume.
c. An increase in peripheral venous pressure.
d. Activation of the arterial baroreceptor reflex.

A

A - an increase in central venous pressure.
B - An increase in urine formation to reduce plasma volume.
D - Activation of the arterial baroreceptor reflex.

74
Q

After a prolonged stay in microgravity, astronauts may experience an inability to maintain an adequate mean arterial pressure upon return to a gravity environment (i.e. the surface of the Moon, Mars, or Earth). This condition is known as

a. hypertension
b. orthostatic intolerance
c. hydrostatic instability
d. hydrostatic intolerance

A

b. orthostatic intolerance

75
Q

During exposure to transient accelerations, most stresses on the human body are ___________ in nature.

a. cognitive
b. physiological
c. mechanical
d. medical

A

c - mechanical.

76
Q

Stresses associated with exposure to sustained acceleration requires _________ support to minimize the effects on the human body.

a. cognitive
b. physiological
c. mechanical
d. medical

A

b. physiological

77
Q

When exposed to +Gz environment, problems associated with vision are the result of changes in

a. the ability to maintain blood flow into the eyeball.
b. the amount of oxygen in the blood.
c. the intraocular pressure.
d. overall blood volume.

A

a. the ability to maintain blood flow into the eyeball.

78
Q

During +Gz exposure, loss of consciousness can occur as the result of

a. decreased pulmonary blood flow.
b. cerebral ischemic hypoxia.
c. cardiac ischemic hypoxia.
d. increased cardiac output.

A

b. cerebral ischemic hypoxia.

79
Q

Tolerance to -Gz exposures is typically much less than tolerance to +Gz exposure. One of the primary reasons for this is:

a. the downward shift in blood away from the brain.
b. an increase in heart rate that leads to an increase
c. the inability of the skull to accommodate an
increase in intra-cranial blood flow/volume.
d. the rigid nature of the veins above the level of the
heart.

A

c. the inability of the skull to accommodate an
increase in intra-cranial blood flow/volume.

80
Q

During a -Gz exposure, which of the following responses would you expect to see? (select all correct answers)

a. decreased heart rate
b. increased arterial baroreceptor activity
c. leads to a decrease in sympathetic nervous system activation.
d. vasoconstriction
e. Increased heart rate
f. venodilation

A

a - decreased heart rate.
b - Increased arterial baroreceptor activity.
f - venodilation.

81
Q

When exposed to high +Gz acceleration, there can a small lag between the interruption of blood flow to the brain and the loss of consciousness. This is due to:

a. the small tissue reserve of oxygen that has to be
depleted before loss of cellular function occurs.
b. the pilot making a conscious effort to not pass out.
c. higher than normal cerebral arterial blood
pressure.
d. hypoxia cerebral vasoconstriction.

A

a. the small tissue reserve of oxygen that has to be
depleted before loss of cellular function occurs.

82
Q

Under +Gz acceleration, the heart (and other organs) are pulled down towards the feet. This mechanical stress on the heart can result in (select all correct answers):

a. cardiac hyperplasia
b. ectopic pacemaker activity
c. cardiac hypertrophy
d. altered electrical activity of the cardiomyocytes

A

b. ectopic pacemaker activity
d. altered electrical activity of the cardiomyocytes

83
Q

G-Induced Loss of Consciousness (GLOC) occurs as a result of:
a. cerebral hypemic hypoxia
b. cerebral hypoxic dilation
c. cerebral histotoxic hypoxia
d. cerebral stagnant hypoxia

A

d. cerebral stagnant hypoxia

84
Q

During GLOC, the period of time that an individual is is unconscious is known as:

a. relative incapacitation
b. nap time
c. absolute incapacitation

A

c. absolute incapacitation

85
Q

Once blood flow to the brain has been restored, a period of time often exists when an individual still lacks full awareness, cognitive function, and motor function. This period is known as:

a. relative incapacitation
b. return of consciousness
c. absolute incapacitation

A

a. relative incapacitation

86
Q

Which of the following are effects of GLOC? (select all correct answers)

a. Twitching
b. Tingling
c. Amnesia
d. Numbness
e. Confusion

A

All of the above.

87
Q

The most effective countermeasure to reduce the likelihood of GLOC is:

a. the anti-G straining maneuver (AGSM).
b. parasympathetic nervous system activation.
c. the use of an anti-G suit.
d. hydration.

A

a. the anti-G straining maneuver (AGSM).

88
Q

The anti-G straining maneuver (AGSM) works by (select all correct answers)

a. decreasing blood pressure to the brain.
increasing peripheral resistance through the
b. contraction of the large skeletal muscles in legs
and butt.
c. increasing venous return.
d. increasing intrathoracic pressure that is then
transferred to the heart and aorta.

A

B - contraction of the large skeletal muscles of the legs and butt.
C - Increasing venous return.
D - Increasing intrathoracic pressure that is then transferred to the heart and aorta.

89
Q

The anti-G suit helps to maintain mean arterial pressure at the heart level, which in turn helps to increase blood pressure to the eyes and brain, by what mechanisms?

A
  1. Prevents the downward movement of the heart, thereby helping to reduce the heart-to-brain distance to aid in maintaining blood flow to the brain.
  2. Compression of the legs reduces the movement of blood towards the feet.
  3. Compression of the legs helps to facilitate venous return.
90
Q

When performing the AGSM, the 3 second breathing cycle is important because the rapid exchange of air allows for:

a. a sudden increase in cerebral blood pressure.
b. a momentary increase in heart rate.
c. a momentary increase in mean arterial pressure.
d. a momentary drop in thoracic pressure that
facilitates venous return.

A

d. a momentary drop in thoracic pressure that
facilitates venous return.

91
Q

The initial drop in mean arterial pressure that occurs during exposure to increased +Gz results in which of the following compensatory responses? (select all correct answers)

a. increased venodilation
b. increased capillary filtration
c. increased heart rate
d. increased parasympathetic nervous activity
e. increased sympathetic nervous activity

A

c - increased heart rate.
e - increased sympathetic nervous activity.

92
Q

apid, short-duration exposure to high +Gz may not result in a lost of vision or consciousness due to:

a. the instantaneous activation of cardiovascular
reflexes.
b. the increased blood pressure in the retinal and c
cerebral arteries.
c. the tissue reserve of oxygen sustaining function.
d. the arterial pressure in the cerebral and retinal
e. arteries being higher than the pressure at the heart
level.

A

c. the tissue reserve of oxygen-sustaining function.

93
Q

Which of the following factors does NOT affect diffusion rate across a membrane?

a. Concentration (or pressure) gradient
b. Surface area
c. Membrane permeability to substance (solute
solubility)
d. Time

A

d - time

94
Q

Increased interstitial protein concentration (πif) will result in:
a. Movement of proteins into capillary.
b. No change in net movement of water or protein.
c. Movement of water into interstitial space, resulting
in edema.
d. increased net filtration rate

A

c. Movement of water into interstitial space, resulting
in edema.

95
Q

Histamine release increases capillary permeability, leading to:
a. No net change in capillary protein concentrations.
b. Movement of proteins out of capillary, resulting in
edema.
c. Movement of proteins into capillary, increasing
plasma volume.

A

b. Movement of proteins out of capillary, resulting in
edema.

96
Q

What type of flow pattern is present in capillaries?
a. Turbulent flow
b. Laminar flow

A

B. laminar flow

97
Q

Arteriolar constriction leads to which of the following?

a. An increase in capillary filtration due to an increase
in capillary pressure.
b. A decrease in capillary filtration due to a decrease i
in arterial pressure.
c. A decrease in capillary filtration due to a decrease
in capillary pressure.

A

c. A decrease in capillary filtration due to a decrease
in capillary pressure.

98
Q

Atherosclerosis (plaque formation on inside of arteries) results in (select all correct answers)

a. Turbulent blood flow
b. increased arterial compliance
c. Decreased arterial compliance

A

a. turbulent flow
c. decreased arterial compliance.

99
Q

If a vessel is able to easily distend with a small change in pressure, it is called -

A

compliant.

100
Q

True or false: Autoregulation implies that arterial pressure is adjusted by local mechanisms to ensure constant flow through an organ.

A

FALSE - Autoregulation implies that arterial RESISTANCE is adjusted by local mechanisms to ensure constant flow through an organ.

101
Q

The most predominant adrenergic receptor found on vascular smooth muscle cells is the:
β1
α1
α2

A

a1

102
Q

The most predominant adrenergic receptor found on cardiac muscle cells is the:
β1
α1
α2

A

b1

103
Q

Which receptor will cause a negative feedback on SANS nerves, resulting in decreased sympathetic tone?
β1
α1
α2

A

a2

104
Q

Angiotensin II influences vascular tone by causing which of the following?

a. Vasconstriction
b. Vasodilation

A

a - vasoconstriction - response to low blood pressure/volume

105
Q

The most important mechanism(s) regulating arterial pressure is:
a. the arterial baroreceptor reflex
b. positive feedback loops
c. fluid balance

A

a. the arterial baroreceptor reflex

106
Q

The primary integration center for reflex regulation of the cardiovascular system is located in the

a. Medullary cardiovascular center
b. Pons
c. Cerebellum
d. Spinal cord

A

a - medullary cardiovascular center.

107
Q

Stretch of the arterial baroreceptors increases the afferent neuronal discharge rate to the medullary centers. This results in:

a. Decreased sympathetic efferent response.
b. Increased sympathetic efferent response
c. Decreased parasympathetic efferent response

A

. Decreased sympathetic efferent response.

108
Q

Long-term regulation of arterial blood pressure is regulated by:

a. Changes in blood volume
b. Metabolic autoregulation
c. Arterial baroreceptor reflex

A

a. Changes in blood volume

109
Q

Sustained elevation of mean arterial pressure leads to a/an
a. Increase in renin secretion
b. Increase in angiotensin II
c. Decrease in aldosterone
d. ↓ Na+ & H2O reabsorption → ↓ MAP
c. Decrease in urine volume

A

c. Decrease in aldosterone

110
Q

In order to maintain adequate perfusion to the brain, the heart must generate enough pressure to overcome:

a. Hydrostatic Pressure pulling blood down
b. Diastolic pressure
c. Hydrostatic Pressure pushing blood up

A

a. Hydrostatic Pressure pulling blood down

111
Q

Degraded or loss of vision occurs during +Gz when:

a. Intraocular pressure is less than retinal arterial
pressure
b. Mean arterial pressure is increased, resulting in an
increase in retinal arterial pressure
c. Intraocular pressure is greater than retinal arterial
pressure

A

c. Intraocular pressure is greater than retinal arterial
pressure

retinal arterial pressure drops as a result of ↑
hydrostatic column pressure → foot-ward
movement of blood

112
Q

The axis of most concern for acceleration effects is the:

  1. Gy (shoulder-to-shoulder)
  2. Gx (chest-to-back)
  3. Gz (head-to-foot)
A
  1. Hed to foot - Gz
113
Q

The Anti-G Straining Maneuver is the most effective counter-measure for +Gz exposures due to:

A
  1. Increased thoracic pressure
  2. Reduction of blood pooling in the peripheral venous compartment
  3. Facilitation of venous return
114
Q
A

BMS 420 Exam 2 (1 decks)

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