Learning Approaches: Behaviourism Flashcards
What is the behaviourist approach?
Is only interested in studying behaviour that can be observed and measured. Not concerned with investigating mental processes of the mind.
Why do behaviourists reject introspection and what do they use instead?
- Early behaviourists like John B Watson rejected it because it involved too many concepts that were vague and difficult to control.
- They tried to maintain more control and objectivity within their research and relied on lab experiments.
What are the assumptions of the behaviourist approach?
- Behaviour is learnt
- If behaviour is observable it can be measured scientifically
- Basic processes that govern learning are the same in all species.
What are the two important forms of learning that behaviourists have identified and what do they mean?
- Classical conditioning: Learning by association. Occurs when a UCS and a neutral stimulus are paired together. The neutral stimulus eventually produces the same response that was first produced by the unlearned stimulus.
- Operant conditioning: A form of learning where behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences, like positive and negative reinforcement and punishment.
What is a neutral stimulus?
A stimulus that at first elicits no response
Conditioned Stimulus:
A stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response
Unconditioned stimulus:
A stimulus that leads to an automatic response
Unconditioned response:
An automatic response to a stimulus
Conditioned response:
A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus after forming an association.
What was the aim of Pavlov’s dog experiment?
See if the dogs could learn by association
What was the procedure of Pavlov’s dog experiment?
- He presented the food to the dogs bringing about an unconditioned response.
- He then rang the bell and this did not bring about a conditioned response.
- He then rang the bell before presenting food, this caused them to salivate bringing about an unconditioned response.
- After the dogs associated the bell with food, they began to salivate from the bell alone. This is a conditioned response.
What was the conclusion of Pavlov’s dog experiment?
A neutral stimulus can elicit a new learned response- a conditioned response
Positive reinforcement:
Receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed
Negative reinforcement:
Occurs when an animal or human avoids something unpleasant
Punishment:
An unpleasant consequence of behaviour. P and N reinforcement increase the likelihood that behaviour will be repeated. Punishment does the opposite
What was the aim of Skinner’s rat experiment?
To see if he could condition the rats to avoid consequences and behave in order to be rewarded.
What was the procedure of Skinner’s rat experiment?
- Placed the animals in a Skinner’s box.
- When the rat accidentally pushes the lever, a pellet of food would come out. New behaviour is reinforced
- Then the rat is placed in a box with an electric floor, causing discomfort
- As the rat moved around, it would accidentally knock into the lever stopping the current
- New behaviour is reinforced.
- This shows behaviour is largely influenced by the environment.
What were the aims of the Little Albert experiment?
Watson and Rayner wanted to see if they could condition him to fear a white rat if it was paired with a hammer hitting a steel bar. Also, if the fear would persist with similar objects and animals
What was the procedure of the Little Albert experiment?
- Before conditioning, Albert was not afraid of the stimulus
- He was then exposed to a loud startling sound, causing him to expect a frightening noise every time he saw the rat.
3.He then began to cry from just seeing the rat. - After conditioning, his fear extended to a variety of white objects
- This is called stimulus generalisation.
What were criticisms of the Little Albert experiment?
- Left the experiment with a previously non-existent fear
- They also didn’t come up with an objective way to evaluate Albert’s reaction, relying on their own subjective interpretations.
Stimulus Generalisation:
If a stimulus has characteristics close to the conditioned stimulus, then the association would also be made to the new stimulus
Stimulus discrimination:
When characteristics of the conditioned stimulus and an object are too different to be generalised
Time contiguity:
If the time lapse between presentations is too great there will be no association made.
What are the pros of this approach?
- Uses the scientific method, enhancing replicability and the validity of the conclusions
- Useful real-life applications like developing treatments for phobias systematic desensitisation and token economy systems for patients with mental illnesses and prisoners
What are the cons of this approach?
- Too mechanistic and discounts the role of thought processes in behaviour, rather seeing them as passive responders to th environment. It is over-simplistic
- Sees all behaviour as determined by past experiences, free will is an illusion
- Skinner’s rats were caused considerable harm, breaching the BPS ethical guideline and failed to protect Albert from harm, by not giving him the opportunity to withdraw.