Learning Approaches

Question 1

Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian)

Answer 1

It’s the process of pairing a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned stimulus.

Question 2

Generalization

Answer 2

When a conditioned response occurs to different but similar stimuli.

Question 3

Extinction

Answer 3

A reduction in the responding as a result of the behaviour no longer being reinforced.

Question 4

Operant Conditioning

Answer 4

It was developed by B.F Skinner and states that actions that are followed by reinforcement will most likely be repeated and actions that are followed by punishment or undesirable behaviour will be weakend.

Question 5

What are the 2 types of reinforcements?

Answer 5

• Positive reinforcement: giving a positive consequence. giving a student a sticker for completing homework.
• Negative reinforcement: removing a consequence or something that is considered unpleasant

Question 6

What are the 2 types of punishments?

Answer 6

• Positive Punishment: Presenting an undesired consequence to weaken behaviour.
  -Negative Punishment: Removing desired behaviour to weaken behaviour (removing ipad from kid for hitting a sibling.)

Question 7

What are the 2 types of reinforcement schedules?

Answer 7

• Continues: Delivering a consequence every time a response occurs.
• Partial: Delivering a consequence only part of the time.

Question 8

What are the types of partial reinforcements?

Answer 8

• Fixed ratio: a response is reinforced only after a certain number of responses have occurred.
• Interval Ratio: A response occurs only after a certain interval of time has elapsed.
• Variable Ratio: A response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses has occurred.
  Variable Interval: A response is reinforced after an unpredictable amount of time has passed.W

Question 9

What are the strengths of classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Answer 9

• Phobia Treatment: Classical conditioning can be used to treat phobias and anxieties. The person can be exposed to the stimuli in a controlled and safe environment, this is also known as systematic desensitization.
• Substance use disorder: Classical conditioning can help to understand the development of substance-use disorders.
• Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Certain Stimuli can trigger compulsive behaviours in individuals with OCD. Classical Conditioning can help associate these stimuli with healthier responses.

Question 10

What are the weaknesses of classical and operant conditioning?

Answer 10

• Early learning theories reject the idea that responses can be directed by inner motives.
• Skinner rejects human creativity and free will.
• individual differences are a result from different learning experiences and situations.

Question 11

Social Learning Theory (Social Cognitive Theory)

Answer 11

Albert Bandura’s model portrays individuals as active players responding to both internal stimuli and external environment.

Question 12

Reciprocal Determinism

Answer 12

Bandura uses this term to describe how personal factors, behavioural factors and environmental factors.

Question 13

Observational Learning

Answer 13

Learning by watching and analysing the behaviour of others

Question 14

What are the factors that influence observational learning?

Answer 14

• Characteristics of the model
• Attributes of the observer
• Consequences of the behaviour

Question 15

What are the methods of improving self-efficacy?

Answer 15

• Mastery (perform the task)
• vicarious experiences
• participant modeling