Learning and Memory Review Flashcards
the modification of pre-existing behavior and understanding
Learning
reduced responsiveness to a repeated stimulus (getting used to something)
Habituation
taking a neutral stimulus and pairing it with something that causes an automatic response until the neutral stimulus alone gives us the same response
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)
something that triggers a response without conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
the automatic, unlearned response (like a reflex)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
the originally, neutral stimulus that now triggers a conditioned response
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
the response triggered by the conditioned stimulus
Conditioned Response (CR)
the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response
Extinction
when we re-learn a conditioned response after extinction
Reconditioning
the temporary reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
a similar stimulus
Stimulus Generalization
when we start telling the difference between stimulus and we respond appropriately
Stimulus Discrimination
using classical conditioning to classical condition you (classical conditioning you twice)
Higher Order Conditioning
if a response is made in the presence of a particular stimulus is rewarding the same response is more likely to occur when that stimulus is encountered again
Law of Effect
learning based on rewards and punishments
Operant Conditioning (B.F Skinner)
a réponse that has some effect on the world
Operant
something that increases the probability that the response immediately before it will occur again
Reinforcer
strengthens a response
Positive Reinforcers
removal of an unpleasant stimulus (removing something we don’t like)
Negative Reinforcers
the process through which a particular response is made more likely to occur
Reinforcement
how we learn to stop an aversive stimulus
Escape Conditioning
the process of learning a response that avoids a stimulus
Avoidance Conditioning
a stimuli that signals whether or not reinforcement is available if a certain response is made.
Discriminative Conditioning Stimuli
reinforcement of responses to get to a desired outcome
Shaping
when we are reinforced with basic needs (food and water)
Primary Reinforcers
rewards that we learn to like (Money, sleep, etc.)
Secondary Reinforcers
determines how and when you will be reinforced
Reinforcement Schedules
happens after a fixed number of response
Fixed Ration (FR) Schedule
reinforcement after a different number of responses, but the number keeps changing
Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule
reinforcement after a certain amount of time
Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule
when we keep changing the amount of time for reinforcement
Variable Interval (VI) Schedule
behaviors learned under partial reinforcement schedule and they are more difficult to extinguish
Partial Reinforcement Effect
presentation of a negative stimulus or the removal of a pleasant stimulus after a behavior
Punishment
when you stop trying to control your environment after experience suggests that you have no control
Learned Helplessness
learning that is not demonstrated at the time it occurs
Latent Learning
mental map of your environment
Cognitive Map
sudden understanding
Insight
when we put information into a form that our memory system can accept and use
Encoding
when you learn by watching or seeing something
Observational Learning
memory or representations of sound
Auditory Memory (Acoustic Memory)
memory or representations of things we see
Visual Memory
general knowledge of the world that everyone should know
Semantic Memory
keeping information over time
Storage
finding information stored in our memory
Retrieval
retrieving things without help
Recall
retrieving information with the help of clues
Recognition
memory from your own past
Episodic Memory
memory of how to do something
Procedural Memory/ Procedural Knowledge
when you make a conscious effort to remember something
Explicit Memory
when you unintentionally recall things
Implicit Memory
when you remember things based on the depth that you processed it
Levels of Processing Model of Memory
a memorization technique that involves you to keep repeating something
Maintenance Rehearsal
when we memorize things based on adding new information to old information
Elaborative Rehearsal
when you remember something better if you retrieve it the same way that you encoded it
Transfer Appropriate Processing Model of Memory
looking at rewiring your memory overtime you learn something new
Neural Network Model of Memory
suggests that we have specialized and separated memory systems
Multiple Memory Systems Model
suggests that for us to have something in our memory it has to go through sensory memory, short term memory, then long term memory.
Information Processing Model of Memory
short, but long enough to connect one impression to the next
Sensory Memory
memory systems that briefly hold incoming information
Sensory Registers
your sensory register for visual information
Iconic Memory (eyes)
focusing mental resources
Selective Attention
memory that lasts about 20 seconds
Short-Term Memory
the portion that we are mentally manipulating in order to maneuver it
Working Memory
maximum number of items a person can recall perfectly after one presentation of the items
Immediate Memory Span
organizing individual stimuli so that they will be perceived as larger units of meaningful information
Chunking
a method for determining how long unrehearsed information remains in short-term memory
Brown-Peterson Distractor Technique
the unlimited capacity to store information
Long-Term Memory
when you remember things from the first few items of a list
Primary Effect
when we remember the last few items of a list
Recency Effect
stimuli that help us recall information
Retrieval Cues
the ability of a cue to aid retrieval depends on how well it taps into information that was originally encoded.
Encoding Specificity Principle
states that memory is either helped or hindered by the context in which it is learned
Context-Specific Memory (learning)
learning is either helped or hindered by your internal state (mood) when you are learning it
State-Dependent Memory (learning)
mental representations
Schemas
a method for measuring forgetting
Relearning Method (Ebbinghouse)
when forgetting is the gradual disappearance of information
Decay Theory
when information is impaired (hurt) by the presence of other information
Interference
when forgetting is caused by old information (the old information hurts new information)
Retroactive Inhibition
previously learned information keeps us from remembering new information
Proactive Inhibition
a painful memory that we keep out of consciousness
Repressed Memory
loss of memory or events that occur after a brain injury (in the hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebral cortex)
Anterograde Amnesia
loss of memory or events that occur before a brain injury (in the hippocampus and temporal lobe)
Retrograde Amnesia
a method for organizing information in order to remember it
Mnemonic Strategies
learning something over time
Distributed Practice
cramming
Massed Practice
the influences that account for the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior.
Motivation
a reason for behavior
Motive
when your behavior is motivated by instinct
Instinct Doctrine
innate, automatic dispositions to respond in particular ways to specific things
Instinctive Behaviors
when you want to stay the same
Homeostasis (equilibrium)
a theory that motivation comes from imbalances in homeostasis
Drive Reduction Theory
biological requirements for well-being (things that we need to live)
Needs
the state that comes from the imbalance and prompts us to fulfill a need
Drive
motivational drive that we have learned to need (such as money)
Secondary Drives
a general level of activation (how ready your body is)
Psychological Arousal
when we are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal
Arousal Theory
when we go towards behaviors that are rewarding and we are pulled away from behaviors that are negative
Incentive Theory
motivation that is inside of you
Intrinsic Motivation
external rewards
Extrinsic Motivation
when you want to eat
Hunger
satisfaction of a need such as hunger
Satiation
