Learning And Memory

Question 1

What is habituation and dishabituation

Answer 1

Habituation is when your response to a stimulus weakens over time.
Dishabituation is the recovery of a response after habituation has occurred.dishabituation usually occurs after a different stimulus has been presented

Question 2

What are the two types of associative learning?

Answer 2

Classical and operant conditioning

Question 3

Unconditioned stimulus and response

Answer 3

In classical conditioning, an unconditioned Stimulus is one that causes an innate or physiological response.

The innate or reflexive response is the unconditioned response

Question 4

Neutral stimuli

Answer 4

In classical conditioning a neutral stimuli is one that does not cause a reflexive or unconditioned response

Question 5

Conditioned stimulus and response

Answer 5

A normally neutral stimulus that through association will cause an innate response.

The innate response is then called a conditioned response

Question 6

Extinction

Answer 6

When an organism becomes habituated to the conditioned stimulus and no longer has a conditioned response.

Question 7

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 7

When a weakened conditioned response occurs after the extinct conditioned stimulus is presented.

Question 8

Generalization

Answer 8

When a different stimulus is similar enough to the conditioned stimulus, it will cause a conditioned response.

Question 9

Discrimination

Answer 9

When an organism learns to distinguish (discriminate) between two similar stimuli.

Question 10

What is operant conditioning

Answer 10

Links voluntary behavior with consequences to change the frequency of the behavior. This involves reinforcements and punishment.

Question 11

What is behaviorism?

Answer 11

This the the theory that all behaviors are conditioned

Question 12

A child is given more time at recess for completing all her class work. Is this a positive or negative reinforcement

Answer 12

This is a positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement increases a behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive following the desired behavior.

Question 13

You smoke weed when you felt stressed in college and when you feel stressed again you start smoking. Is this positive or negative reinforcement.

Answer 13

This is negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement increases the frequency of a behavior by removing something unpleasant (stress in this case)

Question 14

What is escape learning?

Answer 14

A type of negative reinforcement that reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exists (i.e. smoking weed to reduce stress)

Question 15

What is avoidance learning

Answer 15

A negative reinforcer that is meant to prevent the unpleasantness of something that hasn’t happened yet. I.e. studying in advance to avoid making an F.

Question 16

Conditioned or secondary reinforcer

Answer 16

When classical conditioning is paired with a reinforcer. I.e. a dolphin does a trick when it hears a clicker after the clicker has been paired with a fish (a treat the dolphin innately responds to.

Question 17

A celebrity is dragged on twitter after making racists remarks. Is this an example of positive or negative punishment?

Answer 17

This is an example of positive punishment. Positive punish adds an unpleasant consequence in order to reduce a behavior.

Question 18

A teenager sasses her mother and gets her cellphone taken for two weeks. Is this an example of positive or negative punishment?

Answer 18

This is an example of negative punishment. Negative punishment is the reduction of a behavior when a stimulus is removed.

Question 19

What are the reinforcement schedules? Which is less prone to extinction?

Answer 19

Fixed ration reinforce a behavior on a set number of performances. I.e. every a dog gets a treat every 3rd time it sits

Variable ratio reinforce a behavior on a varying number of performances (3rd time then 8th time then 11th time then 5th time)

Fixed interval reinforces a behaviour after a specified time period. I.e. I get paid every two weeks

Variable interval reinforces a behavior on varying interval of time (i.e. every 2 weeks then every day then every month)

Variable ratio works the fastest and is less prone to extinction.

Question 20

What is shaping?

Answer 20

This is a type of operant conditioning that rewards increasingly specific behaviors. I.e. if you want your dog to rollover you start by giving him a treat when he lays down. Then give a treat to turn on his back. Then give him a treat to rollover. Eventually the dog only gets a treat if he rolls over.

Question 21

Observational learning

Answer 21

When you learn by watching the behaviors of others. This involves mirror neurons.

Question 22

Latent learning

Answer 22

Learning that spontaneously presents after a positive reinforcement is presented

Question 23

Instinctive drift

Answer 23

The difficulty in overcoming instinctual behaviors to learn something new

Question 24

Encoding

Answer 24

Putting new information into memory

Question 25

Automatic processing

Answer 25

Information that is gained without effort- information that is observed without working.

Question 26

Controlled processing

Answer 26

Learning that involves effort or memorization