Learning and Memory

Question 1

Habituation

Answer 1

Repeated exposure to the same stimulus can cause a decrease in response.

Question 2

Dishabituation

Answer 2

~The recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred.
~When a second stimuli intervenes, causing desensitization to the original stimulus.
~Causes an increase in the original stimulus.

Question 3

Associative Learning

Answer 3

~Creation of a pairing, or association, either between two stimuli or between a behavior and a response

Question 4

Classical Conditioning/ Acquisition

Answer 4

~Takes advantage of biological, instinctual responses to create associations between two unrelated stimuli.
~Unconditioned stimuli, unconditioned response, neutral stimuli, conditioned stimulus and conditioned response.

Question 5

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 5

Any stimulus that brings a reflexive response.

Question 6

Unconditioned Response

Answer 6

Innate or reflexive response.

Question 7

Extinction

Answer 7

~If the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus enough times, the organism can become habituated to the conditioned stimulus.
~When the bell rings without the presence of food, the dog may stop salivating.

Question 8

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 8

If an extinct conditioned stimulus is presented again, a weak conditioned response can sometimes be exhibited.

Question 9

Generalization

Answer 9

~A stimulus similar enough too the conditioned stimulus can also produce a conditioned response.
~Little Albert

Question 10

Discrimination

Answer 10

An organism learns to distinguish between two similar stimulus.

Question 11

Operant Conditioning

Answer 11

Links voluntary behaviors with consequences in an effort to alter the frequency of those behaviors.

Question 12

Reinforcement

Answer 12

Process of increasing the likelihood that an individual will perform a behavior.

Question 13

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 13

Increases behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive.

Question 14

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 14

They increase a behavior by removing something unpleasant.

Question 15

Escape Learning

Answer 15

The role of behavior is to reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exists.

Question 16

Avoidance Learning

Answer 16

Prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen

Question 17

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 17

A treat that the organism responds to it naturally

Question 18

Conditioned Reinforcer/ Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 18

Like a click in aquariums

Question 19

Discriminative Reinforcer

Answer 19

The trainer that har the clicker.

Question 20

Punishment

Answer 20

Reduces the presence of the behavior.

Question 21

Positive Punishment

Answer 21

Adds an unpleasant consequenceina response to a behavior to reduce that behavior.

Question 22

Negative Punishment

Answer 22

Reduction of behavior by removing stimulus.

Question 23

Reinforcement Schedules

Answer 23

Fixed-Ratio, Variable-Ratio, Fixed-Interval and Variable-Interval

Question 24

Fixed-Ratio

Answer 24

Reinforces behavior after specific amount of times.

Question 25

Variable-Ratio

Answer 25

~Resistant to extinction. ~Reinforce a behavior after a varying number of performances of the behavior, but such that the average number of performances to receive a reward is relatively constant.

Question 26

Fixed-Interval

Answer 26

Reinforces the first instance of a behavior after a specified time period has elapsed.

Question 27

Variable-Interval

Answer 27

Reinforces a behavior the first time that the behavior is performed after a varying interval of time.

Question 28

Fixed Schedules

Answer 28

Have a brief moment of no response after the behavior is reinforced

Question 29

Shaping

Answer 29

The process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors.

Question 30

Latent Learning

Answer 30

~Learning that occurs without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced. ~Complete the task and gets rewarded Ince its completed.

Question 31

Problem Solving

Answer 31

~Humans and chimpanzees tend to use problem solving instead of trial and error ~Step back, observe the situation, and take the decisive action to solve the challenges they face.

Question 32

Preparedness

Answer 32

~Nature abilities. Instincts. | ~So its easy to teach birds how to peck because they are already wired to do that.

Question 33

Instinctive Drift

Answer 33

~Can't mess with food-gathering instincts.

Question 34

Observational Learning

Answer 34

Process of learning a new behavior or gaining information by watching others.

Question 35

Mirror Neurons

Answer 35

~Located in the frontal and parietal lobes. ~Fires when individual performs the acton and when the individual observes someone else doing it. ~Related to empathy and vicarious emotions

Question 36

Modeling

Answer 36

~An important factor in determining an individuals behavior throughout his or her lifetime. ~People learn what behaviors are acceptable by watching others perform them.

Question 37

Encoding

Answer 37

The process of putting new information into memory.

Question 38

Automatic Processing

Answer 38

Gained without effort.

Question 39

Controlled/ Effortful Processing

Answer 39

~You need effort in order to know them. | ~This can become automatic

Question 40

Visual Encoding

Answer 40

~Weakest. | ~Visual

Question 41

Acoustic Encoding

Answer 41

~Store the way to sounds.

Question 42

Semantic Encoding

Answer 42

~Second strongest | ~Put it into a meaningful context.

Question 43

Self-reference

Answer 43

~Strongest. | ~When we put it into a context of our own lives.

Question 44

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 44

The repetition a piece on information to either keep it within working memory (to prevent forgetting) or to store it in short-term and eventually into long-term

Question 45

Mnemonics

Answer 45

EX: Very Much Hungry (Ventromedial hypothalamus)

Question 46

Methods of Loci

Answer 46

~Involves associating each item in a list with a location along a route through a building that has already been memorized. ~Eggs in the hallway, milk spilling in hallway is an example.

Question 47

Peg-word

Answer 47

System associates numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers.

Question 48

Chunking/ Clustering

Answer 48

~Involves taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them together into groups of elements with related meanings.

Question 49

Sensory Memory

Answer 49

~Lats a very short time ~Fades very quickly ~Iconic --> visual ~Echoic --> auditory

Question 50

Short-Term Memory

Answer 50

~Disappears 30 seconds without rehearsal. ~Limited to about 7 items. ~Can be increased by cluttering information. ~Housed primarily in the hippocampus.

Question 51

Worming Memory

Answer 51

~Integrates attention and function ~Simple math in our heads. ~Frontal and parietal

Question 52

Long-Term Memory

Answer 52

~Hippocampus, but very long term goes to the cortex. ~Elaborative rehearsal ~Explicit and implicit memory

Question 53

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 53

The association of the information to knowledge already stored in long-term memory

Question 54

Implicit Memory

Answer 54

~Unconscious ~Skill and conditioned responses. ~Procedural/ Nondeclerative memory --> Skills and tasks

Question 55

Explicit Memory

Answer 55

~Require conscious recall ~Conscious ~Declarative memory --> facts and events.

Question 56

Declarative Memories

Answer 56

~Episodic --> Events and experiences | ~Semantic --> Facts and concepts.

Question 57

Retrival

Answer 57

~The process of demonstration that something that has been learned has been retained.

Question 58

Recall

Answer 58

The retrieval and statement of previously learned information.

Question 59

Recognition

Answer 59

Process of merely identifying a piece of information that was previously learned

Question 60

Relearning

Answer 60

~Previously stored information is recalled quicker.

Question 61

Spacing Effect

Answer 61

~The longer the amount of time between sessions of learning, the longer the amount of time between sessions of relearning. ~This explains why cramming is not that effective.

Question 62

Semantic Network

Answer 62

Concepts are linked together on similar meaning.

Question 63

Spreading Activation

Answer 63

One word can bringup similar words with similar meanings.

Question 64

Priming

Answer 64

Recall is aided by first being presented with a word or phrase that is closed to the desired semantic memory.

Question 65

Context Effects

Answer 65

Memory is aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place