Learning and Memory

Question 1

instrumental activities of daily living

Answer 1

not necessary for fundamental functioning, but let an individual live independently in a community

ex: managing money, meal prep, etc.

Question 2

activities of daily living

Answer 2

routine activities that people tend to do everyday without assistance

eating, bathing, dressing, walking, toileting

Question 3

essential brain structure for memory

Answer 3

hippocampus

Question 4

H.M.

Answer 4

fine working memory, poor explicit memory

bilateral medial temporal lobes removed at age 20 due to intractable seizures

anterograde amnesia (inability to learn new information and hold onto it after surgery)

retrograde amnesia (inability to remember events prior to surgery (10 yrs)

Question 5

memory

Answer 5

effect of past experiences on present perceptions and behavior

some are effort-full and some are effortless

Question 6

content feature of memory

Answer 6

episodic, semantic, explicit, implicit

Question 7

memory for personal experiences

Answer 7

episodic memory

Question 8

memory for general information not specifically tied to a personal experience

Answer 8

semantic memory

Question 9

declarative; something you have a conscious recollection of; represented in recollection

Answer 9

explicit memory

Question 10

non-declarative; procedural; unconscious recollection of past events; represented in behavior/priming, classical conditioning

Answer 10

implicit memory

Question 11

storage capacity/duration feature of memoery

Answer 11

perceptual, short-term/working, long-term

Question 12

“iconic” or “sensory”

very fleeting, lasts milliseconds; neuropsychologists not interested

Answer 12

perceptual memory

Question 13

thought to have a finite amount of storage (7 +/- 2 bits); degrades over a period of seconds unless rehearsed to transferred to long-term memory

Answer 13

short-term memory (working memory)

Question 14

unlimited capacity and relatively permenant

Answer 14

long-term memory

Question 15

stages feature of memory

Answer 15

registration/encoding
storage/consolidation/maintenance
retrieval/recognition

Question 16

learning new information (how well do you hold onto something new and how well do you learn with repetition)

Answer 16

registration/encoding of memory

Question 17

organize information in a meaningful way to store so that it can be used later

Answer 17

storage/consolidation/maintenance of memory

Question 18

how we access the information that we hold onto

Answer 18

retrieval/recognition of memory

Question 19

implicit memory effect where exposure to one stimulus influences response to another stimulus

Answer 19

priming

Question 20

semantic priming

Answer 20

observation that a response to a target is faster when it is preceded by a semantically related prime compared to an unrelated prime

Question 21

perceptual priming

Answer 21

based on the form of stimulus and enhanced by the match between early and later stimuli

Question 22

explicit memory is mediated by which two systemes

Answer 22

temporal and diencephalic

impaired in amnesia

Question 23

implicit memory depends on what structures

Answer 23

structures outside of the temporal lobes of brain

preserved in amnesia

Question 24

H.M. evidence for implicit memory preservation in amnesia

Answer 24

showed an ability for improved performance on a maze learning task despite being able to remember the task or the trainer

Question 25

medial temporal lobes create a highly interconnected circuit with structures in ________ _______ and the _______

Answer 25

limbic system (mamillary bodies, dorsal medial nucleus of thalamus) and neocortex

Question 26

primary inputs to hippocampus are _______ ____

Answer 26

entorhinal cortex

Question 27

preserved memory systems when medial temporal damage occurs

Answer 27

implicit memory, perceptual memory, short-term memory, registration/encoding

Question 28

impaired memory systems when medial temporal damage occurs

Answer 28

explicit (episodic and semantic), long-term memory, storage/consolidation/maintenance, retrieval/recognition

Question 29

verbal episodic memory tasks or explicit memory tasks are associated with…

Answer 29

left medial temporal activation

Question 30

non-verbal episodic memory tasks are associated with…

Answer 30

bilateral medial temporal activation

Question 31

problem with retrograde amnesia

Answer 31

simple medial storage model cannot explain

some explicit memory is preserved in amnesia (early memories) and earlier-acquired memories better preserved than later-acquired memories (GRADED RETROGRADE AMNESIA)

Question 32

implications of graded retrograde amnesia

Answer 32

medial structures not necessary for storage/maintenance once consolidation has occurred

consolidation occurs over a long period

Question 33

implications of anterograde amnesia

Answer 33

medial structures are necessary for consolidation of new experiences

Question 34

according to “time-dependent explivit memory deficits in amnesia,” medial temporal structures are important for

Answer 34

retention of memory for some period of time but most important for storage of memory elsewhere

Question 35

Multiple Trace Theory of Explicit Memory

Answer 35

behaviorally-relevant input firing patterns from sensory cortex are “tagged” by rhinal-hippocampal activity as a “trace”

recurrence of one element of the trace triggers activation of others via the shared “tag” which reactivates and reinforces the earlier, complete pattern

over time, reactivation becomes independent of rhinal-hippocampal activity and can occur with only neocortically-based, sensory activation

Question 36

experiment done on 50 normal controls: asked to recall news events from 7 different time periods

tested activation for recent and remote events

Answer 36

recollection of REMOTE facts results in more NEOCORTICAL activation

recollection of RECENT facts results in more HIPPOCAMPAL activation

Question 37

a semantic memory impairment requires ________ damage

Answer 37

neocortical

Question 38

compared patients with lesions restricted to hippocampus vs. those with lesions that involved varying degree of the anterolateral temporal cortex (medial temporal lobe + patients)

given semantic memory tasks (told name and description and asked to point to matching object)

Answer 38

patients with HIPPOCAMPAL damage performed similar to controls on battery of tests

MTL+ patients (hippocampal and lateral temporal cortex damage) had more significant semantic memory deficits

Question 39

priming paradigm of healthy controls versus patients with mild Alzheimer’s

Answer 39

shown pictures of indoor and outdoors scenes
two conditions (novel and repeat)
require to press button if scene was outdoors
baseline: only see word PUSH
novel: see something they have never seen before
repeat: scene they’ve already seen

Question 40

novel versus repeat conditions

Answer 40

medial temporal regions and fusiform areas activated in correlation to better recognition memory

activation in parietal/occipital/cingulate areas associated with increased priming effect

Question 41

clinical assessment of episodic auditory verbal

Answer 41

prose recall (immediate and delayed)
word list learning (CVLT, HVLT, RAVLT)
verbal paired associates (“gold-walk,” “tire-feather”)

Question 42

clinical assessment of semantic memory

Answer 42

boston naming test

semantic fluency

Question 43

clinical assessment of episodic visuo-spatial

Answer 43

rey figure (immediate and delayed)
figure learning (BVMT-R)
WMS-III facial memory
WMS-III family pictures