Learning and Memory Flashcards
instrumental activities of daily living
not necessary for fundamental functioning, but let an individual live independently in a community
ex: managing money, meal prep, etc.
activities of daily living
routine activities that people tend to do everyday without assistance
eating, bathing, dressing, walking, toileting
essential brain structure for memory
hippocampus
H.M.
fine working memory, poor explicit memory
bilateral medial temporal lobes removed at age 20 due to intractable seizures
anterograde amnesia (inability to learn new information and hold onto it after surgery)
retrograde amnesia (inability to remember events prior to surgery (10 yrs)
memory
effect of past experiences on present perceptions and behavior
some are effort-full and some are effortless
content feature of memory
episodic, semantic, explicit, implicit
memory for personal experiences
episodic memory
memory for general information not specifically tied to a personal experience
semantic memory
declarative; something you have a conscious recollection of; represented in recollection
explicit memory
non-declarative; procedural; unconscious recollection of past events; represented in behavior/priming, classical conditioning
implicit memory
storage capacity/duration feature of memoery
perceptual, short-term/working, long-term
“iconic” or “sensory”
very fleeting, lasts milliseconds; neuropsychologists not interested
perceptual memory
thought to have a finite amount of storage (7 +/- 2 bits); degrades over a period of seconds unless rehearsed to transferred to long-term memory
short-term memory (working memory)
unlimited capacity and relatively permenant
long-term memory
stages feature of memory
registration/encoding
storage/consolidation/maintenance
retrieval/recognition
learning new information (how well do you hold onto something new and how well do you learn with repetition)
registration/encoding of memory
organize information in a meaningful way to store so that it can be used later
storage/consolidation/maintenance of memory
how we access the information that we hold onto
retrieval/recognition of memory
implicit memory effect where exposure to one stimulus influences response to another stimulus
priming
semantic priming
observation that a response to a target is faster when it is preceded by a semantically related prime compared to an unrelated prime
perceptual priming
based on the form of stimulus and enhanced by the match between early and later stimuli
explicit memory is mediated by which two systemes
temporal and diencephalic
impaired in amnesia
implicit memory depends on what structures
structures outside of the temporal lobes of brain
preserved in amnesia
H.M. evidence for implicit memory preservation in amnesia
showed an ability for improved performance on a maze learning task despite being able to remember the task or the trainer
medial temporal lobes create a highly interconnected circuit with structures in ________ _______ and the _______
limbic system (mamillary bodies, dorsal medial nucleus of thalamus) and neocortex
primary inputs to hippocampus are _______ ____
entorhinal cortex
preserved memory systems when medial temporal damage occurs
implicit memory, perceptual memory, short-term memory, registration/encoding
impaired memory systems when medial temporal damage occurs
explicit (episodic and semantic), long-term memory, storage/consolidation/maintenance, retrieval/recognition
verbal episodic memory tasks or explicit memory tasks are associated with…
left medial temporal activation
non-verbal episodic memory tasks are associated with…
bilateral medial temporal activation
problem with retrograde amnesia
simple medial storage model cannot explain
some explicit memory is preserved in amnesia (early memories) and earlier-acquired memories better preserved than later-acquired memories (GRADED RETROGRADE AMNESIA)
implications of graded retrograde amnesia
medial structures not necessary for storage/maintenance once consolidation has occurred
consolidation occurs over a long period
implications of anterograde amnesia
medial structures are necessary for consolidation of new experiences
according to “time-dependent explivit memory deficits in amnesia,” medial temporal structures are important for
retention of memory for some period of time but most important for storage of memory elsewhere
Multiple Trace Theory of Explicit Memory
behaviorally-relevant input firing patterns from sensory cortex are “tagged” by rhinal-hippocampal activity as a “trace”
recurrence of one element of the trace triggers activation of others via the shared “tag” which reactivates and reinforces the earlier, complete pattern
over time, reactivation becomes independent of rhinal-hippocampal activity and can occur with only neocortically-based, sensory activation
experiment done on 50 normal controls: asked to recall news events from 7 different time periods
tested activation for recent and remote events
recollection of REMOTE facts results in more NEOCORTICAL activation
recollection of RECENT facts results in more HIPPOCAMPAL activation
a semantic memory impairment requires ________ damage
neocortical
compared patients with lesions restricted to hippocampus vs. those with lesions that involved varying degree of the anterolateral temporal cortex (medial temporal lobe + patients)
given semantic memory tasks (told name and description and asked to point to matching object)
patients with HIPPOCAMPAL damage performed similar to controls on battery of tests
MTL+ patients (hippocampal and lateral temporal cortex damage) had more significant semantic memory deficits
priming paradigm of healthy controls versus patients with mild Alzheimer’s
shown pictures of indoor and outdoors scenes
two conditions (novel and repeat)
require to press button if scene was outdoors
baseline: only see word PUSH
novel: see something they have never seen before
repeat: scene they’ve already seen
novel versus repeat conditions
medial temporal regions and fusiform areas activated in correlation to better recognition memory
activation in parietal/occipital/cingulate areas associated with increased priming effect
clinical assessment of episodic auditory verbal
prose recall (immediate and delayed)
word list learning (CVLT, HVLT, RAVLT)
verbal paired associates (“gold-walk,” “tire-feather”)
clinical assessment of semantic memory
boston naming test
semantic fluency
clinical assessment of episodic visuo-spatial
rey figure (immediate and delayed)
figure learning (BVMT-R)
WMS-III facial memory
WMS-III family pictures
