Learning and Memory Flashcards
What is learning?
A relatively permanent change in behaviour or knowledge occurring as a result of experience.
Define classical conditioning.
Learning by association.
Who is known for classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov.
What is operant conditioning?
Learning through consequences.
What are the two types of reinforcement in operant conditioning?
- Positive reinforcement
- Negative reinforcement
What are the two types of punishment in operant conditioning?
- Positive punishment
- Negative punishment
What is the purpose of a Skinner box?
To objectively measure an animal’s response.
What factors affect learning in operant conditioning?
- Schedule
- Value of the reinforcer
- State of learner
- Desirability of reward
What is observational learning?
Learning through others, rather than by direct experience.
What experiment is associated with Bandura?
The Bobo Doll Experiment.
What is avoidance learning?
Learning an active behaviour or response to prevent or avoid an adverse stimulus.
How are chronic pain behaviours typically characterized?
Reflexive and not the result of intentional decision-making.
What influences memory?
- Age
- Health literacy
- Expectations
- Desire for information
- Level of arousal
- Disease/treatment consequences
- Amount of information provided
- Use of medical jargon
What is the duration of short-term memory?
15-30 seconds.
What is the capacity of short-term memory according to Miller?
7 +/- 2 chunks of information.
What is the two-process model of memory?
A model that includes sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Define recognition in the context of memory.
Recognizing things when we see or hear them again.
True or False: We find it easier to recall familiar things than new or unfamiliar things.
True.
What is context-dependent memory?
Memories that may return due to the context in which they were formed.
What is the primacy effect in memory recall?
The tendency to remember the first items in a list better than those that come later.
What are the top tips for enhancing memory?
- Find out what the person already knows
- Identify their immediate concerns
- Raise or reduce their arousal/anxiety
- Give the key message first and repeat it last
- Use understandable language
- Provide written information
What should you avoid when communicating with patients about their health?
- Expecting perfect recall
- Assuming all people want to know the same things
- Overwhelming with too much information
Fill in the blank: Memory is the ability to _______ information or representation of past experience.
[retain]
