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Neural circuits, behaviour and memory > Learning and memory > Flashcards

Learning and memory Flashcards

1
Q

Declaritive memory

A

available to the conscious mind and can be encoded in symbols and language

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2
Q

Explicit memory

A

memory that can be consciously recalled

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3
Q

Implicit memory

A

memory that cannot be consciously recalled

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4
Q

What are the three types of implicit memory?

A

procedural memory
classical conditioning
priming

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5
Q

Advantages of using simple systems to study memory (snails, worms insects)

A

complicated nervous systems but stereotypic and large axons which are easier to record from
temp dependence allows switching on and off of neurons/genes

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6
Q

Habituation

A

decreased amplitude of response due to repeated stimulus

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7
Q

Sensitisation

A

increased amplitude of response

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8
Q

What are two examples of simple forms of memory?

A

habituation
sensitisation

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9
Q

Aplysia gill withdrawal reflex

A

gill withdrawal reflex caused by touch or water jet
habituation casued by repeated stimulus
sensitisation caused by tail/head pinch or shock, involves presynaptic input from sensory neurons with serotonin and g protein action

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10
Q

Associative learning

A

very pavlovian like
weak siphon touch paired with strong shock meaning response is much bigger than before and more long term
timing is critical for shock being associated to stimulus

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11
Q

Why does a shock stimulus along with siphon touch give a bigger response?

A

calcium influx from L29 which is the extra neuron that detects noxious stimuli
happens at the same time as sensory neuron depolarisation so there is much more cyclic AMP and PKA produced

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12
Q

Hebbian synapse

A

coordinated activity of a presynaptic terminal and a postsynaptic neuron strengthening the synaptic connections between them

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13
Q

What type of memory is the hippocampus particularly involved in?

A

spatial

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14
Q

Hippocampal pathway

A

entorhinal cortex > dentate gyrus > CA3 > CA1 > output via fornix and subiculum

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15
Q

Where does long term potentiation usually occur in the memory pathway?

A

CA3 to CA1 synapses

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16
Q

What is the long term potentiation phenomenom?

A

high frequency sitmulus causes amplitude of EPSPs to become bigger

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17
Q

How does LTP show cooperativity and sensitivity?

A

shows input sensitivity as it only acts on the synpases that are activated
shows cooperativity as it allows two pathways converging on the same target to be strengthened if fired together

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18
Q

3 types of glutamate receptor

A

NMDA
APMA
mGlu

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19
Q

Where could the cooperative characteristics of LTPs come from?

A

may be a result of NMDA receptors as they have a voltage dependent Mg2+ block which requires indirect pre-activation by a seperate depolarising input

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20
Q

What are the two stages LTP can be split into?

A

early and late
OR induction and expression

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21
Q

Early stage LTP NMDA activation

A

increase in Ca2+ conc
activation of calmodulin kinase II which phosphorylates itself into stable active conformation to then phosphorylate other proteins

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22
Q

AMPAfication

A

increase in the number of AMPA receptors on the postsynaptic terminal

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23
Q

Late stage LTP

A

lasts much longer and requires protein synthesis so takes much longer

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24
Q

How could cAMP signalling be critical in late stage LTP?

A

cAMP activates protein kinase A which activates other proteins and phosphorylates proteins inside the nucleus
binds to CRE which then acitvates promoter, leads to expression of genes that change synapse

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25
What are the effects of inhibition of LTP?
inhibits some memory formation so must be somewhat involved but only for some and isn't sufficient on its own some memory enhancing drugs increase LTP
26
Mutations of what pathways affect aspects of learning?
CaMKII NMDARs cAMP
27
Long term depression
related to memory and is the opposite of LTP decreases the synaptic gain when memories are formed
28
What parts of the brain are important for LTD?
cerebellum hippocampus
29
LTD cerebellar circuitry
inputs are from positive mossy and climbing fibres output to DCN are negative purkinje fibres mossy fibres
30
What is the difference between how mossy and climbing fibres synapse?
mossy fibres only synpase to one purkinje cell but it does this many times through parallel fibres climbing fibres synapse with many different purkinje fibres and wrap around them
31
How can you make changes to a synapse by electrical stimulation?
stimulate parallel fibre and climbing fibre at the same time causes decrease in amplitude of EPSPs
32
What mechansisms are involed in cerebellar LTD?
does not involve NMDA receptors metabotropic Glu-R, AMPA R and VGCCs needs co-incident activation of both signalling pathways
33
Climbing fibre to purkinje
AMPA
34
Parallel fibre to purkinje cell
m-Glu and AMPA receptors
34
Climbing fibre to purkinje cell
AMPA receptors
35
How is LTD different to LTP?
PKC phosphorylates AMPA GluR2 subunit reduces currents by endocytosis
36
Where does hippocampal LTD occur?
CA3-CA1 synapse with LFS
37
How is hippocampal LTD similar to LTP?
Calcium dependent but this is due to different mechanisms
38
How does the amount of NMDA receptor activation relate to LTP/LTD?
small amount of activation means that LTD is more likely large amount of activation means that LTP is more likely
39
What governs the balance between LTD and LTP?
small increases of Ca2+ from NMDAr trigger phosphatase action and reduce AMPA efficacy large increses activate from protein kinases which increases AMPA efficacy
40
Does LTP + LTD = memory?
to some extent, but long term memory is a distributed and structural change shape of neuron may change- number of spines on dendrites may increase/decrease
41
Adaptation
originates in the retina and is downstream decrease in activity/striking rate often the reason for visual illusions
42
Olfactory pathway summary
odour → olfactory receptor neurons → projection neurons → kenyon cells
43
How is a dense combinatorial code turned into a sparse selective one?
kenyon cells receive input from multiple projection neurons and require multiple simultaneous inputs to fire, making firing selective
44
How are kenyon cells linked to dopaminergic neurons?
dopaminergic neurons response to reward/punishment takes this info to kenyon cells so output is modified, leading to a behavior- leads to learning
45
GAL4/UAS system
binary expression system and allows us to artificially express arbitrary transgenes in specific cells GAL4 binds to UAS and then recruits TFs to express whatever is upstream of UAS
46
GAL4
transcription factor found in yeast under the control of an enhancer which will drive its expression in cells depending on where it is present allowing cell specificity
47
UAS
upstream activating sequence
48
Split GAL4 system
GAL4 DNA binding domain and activation domain are split apart put under the control of 2 different promoters which express different cells only in the overlap where both are active they zipper together and can act as regular GAL4 again
49
Mushroom body
key structure in fly brain that regulates olfactory memory made of kenyon cells with a peduncle connecting it to a vertical and horizontal lobe
50
How does the anatomy of the mushroom body relate to its function?
neurons called mushroom body output neurons each different one innervates different ares of the L shaped lobe structure this divides it up into different compartments dopaminergic neurons folow same structure
51
What leads to the formation of approach/avoid behaviours?
express an optogenic factor in very specific neurons using the GAL4 system can be trained when paired with odours DANs are paired with MBONs of opposite valence
52
What does DAN/MBON pairing suggest about kenyon cells?
learning happens by weakening kenyon cell synpases onto output neurons they synapse onto both approach and avoid neurons equally, leading to neutral behaviour
53
Pairing odour with shock
punish dopaminergic neurons modify synpase of odour activated kenyon cells and approach neurons it is weakened so they ultimately avoid it as it is unbalanced
54
How do flies respond if the shock precedes odour?
learn backwards they will learn to approach the odour as it predicts the relief from pain instead of pre-empting
55
What effect does shock then odour have on MBONs?
potentiation
56
What effect does odour then shock have on MBONs?
depression
57
D1 receptors
Gs signalling acquisition/learning odour-shock
58
D2 signalling
Gq signalling forgetting shock-odour
59
When does a drop in calcium in the ER occur?
when the reward/dopamine comes before odour from Gq signalling
60
What defines which pathway will respond (forward learning or backward learning)?
whether it is IP3 or Ca2+ that reaches the IP3 receptor first Ca2+ arrives first the channel will remain closed IP3 arrives first the channel will open
61
IP3 binding receptor
there are 2 possible binding spots Ca2+ can bind to one meaning the IP3 can cannot bind and open the channel when IP3 binds first the Ca2+ can still bind and then channel will open
62
How is the mushroom body similar to a cerebellum like struture?
projection neurons crossing over kenyon cells is very similar to mossy fibres crossing granule cells opposite nature of DANs and behavioural output similar to climbing fibres and purkijne cells
63
EPAC
sensor for cAMP- Gs signalling
64
ER-GcAMP
measures calcium in ER
65
Examples of habituation in humans
eye blink reflex repetitive non harmful stimulus visual attention emotional repsonses
66
Early phase LTP
Ca2+ activation of CaMKII at NMDAr
67
Late phase
CREB2 is replaced by CREB1 which binds to CRE and then is phosphorylated promotes transcription of LTP effectors
68
Habituation
reduced release of NTs due to RRP depletion
69
Associative learning
Ca2+ influx synergises 5-HT
70
Sensitisation
PKA phosphorylates K+ channels which increases duration of depolarisation

Neural circuits, behaviour and memory (7 decks)

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