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Behavioral Sciences > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Habituation

A

process of becoming used to a stimulus, usually due to repeated exposure to the same stimulus

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2
Q

Dishabituation

A

Can occur when a second stimulus intervenes, causing a desensitization to the original stimulus

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3
Q

Associative Learning

A

pairing together stimuli and responses, or behaviors and consequences

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4
Q

Which type of learning pairs together stimuli and responses or behaviors and consequences

A

associative learning

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5
Q

Classical conditioning

A

an unconditioned stimulus that produces an instinctive, unconditioned repossess is paired with a neutral stimulus. After repetition the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response

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6
Q

Reinforcement

A

increases the likelihood of a behavior

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7
Q

Punishment

A

decreases the likelihood of a behavior

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8
Q

___ increase the likelihood of a behavior and ____ decreases the likelihood of a behavior

A

reinforcement and punishment

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9
Q

Observational learning aka modeling

A

is the acquisition of a behavior by watching others

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10
Q

Is dishabituation the change in response to the original stimulus or the new one

A

response to the original stimulus

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11
Q

Learning

A

refers specifically to the way in which we acquire new behaviors

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12
Q

Stimulus

A

anything to which an organism can respond

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13
Q

Is dishabituation the change in response to the original stimulus or the new one

A

response to the original stimulus and is temporary

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14
Q

Learning

A

refers specifically to the way in which we acquire new behaviors - change in behavior that occurs in response to a stimulus

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15
Q

A first year medical student is not used to seeing a wound and has an intense reaction the first few times after the tenth wound they do not have as great of reaction. What has occurred

A

habituation

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16
Q

Dehabituation often occurs late in the habituation process when a second stimulus is presented that interrupts the habituation process, this causes a ______ response to the original stimulus

A

increased

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17
Q

What are the two types of associative learning

A

Classical and Operant Conditioning

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18
Q

Classical conditioning

A

type of associative learning that takes advantage of biological, instinctual responses to create associations between two unrelated stimuli

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19
Q

How does classical conditioning work

A

classical conditioning works because some stimuli cause an innate or reflexive physiological response - example is salivating when we smell food - this is the unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response

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20
Q

Unconditioned response

A

innate or reflexive response

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21
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

any stimulus that brings an innate or reflexive response

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22
Q

Unconditioned response

A

innate or reflexive response

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23
Q

Neutral stimuli

A

stimuli that do not produce a reflexive response

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24
Q

If a neutral stimuli has the potential to be used as a conditioning stimulus then it is called

A

signaling stimuli

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25
What was the US, UR, CR, and CS in Pavlov dog experiment
UCS: Meat UCR: Salivating to smell of meat CR: Salivating to the sound of bell CS: Bell
26
Unconditioned stimulus cause a ___ response and conditioned stimulus causes a ____ response
unconditioned response and conditioned response
27
Is the result of the conditioned stimulus and response permanent
no, if a conditioned stimulus is presented enough without the unconditioned stimulus the organism can becom habituation the conditioned stimulus and this leads to extinction
28
What is extinction in classical conditioning
when the conditioned stimulus is presented too many times without the unconditioned stimulus and the organism no longer responses to the conditioned stimulus
29
Is extinction in classical conditioning permanent
after some time if an extinct conditioned stimulus is presented again a weak conditioned response can sometimes be exhibited - this is called spontaneous recovery
30
Spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning
after some time if an extinct conditioned stimulus is presented again a weak conditioned response can sometimes be exhibited - this is called spontaneous recovery
31
Generalization
broadening effect by which a stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can also be produced the conditioned response - such as a bad lemon can make someone not want any other citrus
32
In the little albert experiment a loud noise was played when a white rat was presented, after little albert was scared of a white stuffed rabbit, sealskin coat, and a man with a white beard, what occurred
generalization
33
Discrimination
an organism learns to distinguish between two similar stimuli - opposite of generalization - example knowing the difference between two different tones of bells
34
Operant Conditioning
links voluntary behaviors with consequences in an effort to alter the frequency of those behaviors - reinforcement and punishment
35
Behaviorism
theory that all behaviors are conditioned B. F. Skinner Operant Conditioning
36
What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning
Classical is based on instincts and biological responses and operant is based on voluntary behaviors and consequences
37
Positive Reinforcement
Add a stimulus to continue the behavior
38
Negative Reinforcement
Remove a stimulus to continue the behavior
39
Positive Punishment
Add a stimulus to stop the behavior
40
Positive Punishment
Add a bothersome stimulus to stop the behavior
41
Negative Punishment
Remove a stimulus to stop the behavior
42
The differences between reinforcement and punishment and the differences between positive and negative
- reinforcement is to continue the behavior and punishment is to get the behavior to stop - positive is adding a stimulus and negative is removing a stimulus
43
Paying people to work is an example of what kind of operant conditioning
postive reinforcement
44
The two main types of negative reinforcement are ____ and ____
escape learning and avoidance learning
45
Taking an aspirin to reduce the unpleasantness of a headache is an example of what type of operant conditioning
negative reinforcement - escape learning | role of the behavior is to reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exists
46
Studying before a test to ensure a good score is what type of operant conditioning
negative reinforcement - avoidance learning meant to prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen - study for the test so you don't get an unpleasant score
47
If a thief is beat for stealing what type of operant conditioning is
positive punishment - the bothersome/hurtful stimulus of beating the thief is meant to stop the behavior of stealing
48
If a parent tells a child they cannot watch TV because they had bad behavior this is an example of
negative punishment - the parent removed the TV as something the child enjoys to get the child to behavior better in the future
49
Reinforcement schedules
the rate at which desired behaviors are acquired is also affected by the schedule being used to affect the behaviors - fixed or variable - ratio or interval - fixed interval, fixed ratio, variable ratio, and variable interval
50
Fixed ratio schedule
reinforces a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior
51
Fixed interval schedule
reinforces the first instance of a behavior after a specified time period has elapsed
52
Variable ratio schedule
reinforces a behavior after a varying number of performances of that behaviors
53
Variable interval schedule
reinforce a behavior the first time that behavior is performed after a caring interval of time
54
Which reinforcement schedule work the fastest for learning a new behavior and why
Variable-ratio, reinforces behavior after a varying number of performances
55
Which reinforcement schedule is the most resistant to extinction
Variable-ratio
56
VR can be used as a mnemonic to remember
Variable ratio is very rapid, to learn behavior and very resistant to extinction
57
Shaping is
the process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors - like getting a bird to spin, you reward each little turn
58
shaping is a type of ____ learning
operant conditioning
59
Latent learning
learning that occurs without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced
60
What are the three major processes of forming memories
encoding, storage, and retrieval

Behavioral Sciences (2 decks)

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