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Behavioral Sciences > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Habituation

A

process of becoming used to a stimulus, usually due to repeated exposure to the same stimulus

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2
Q

Dishabituation

A

Can occur when a second stimulus intervenes, causing a desensitization to the original stimulus

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3
Q

Associative Learning

A

pairing together stimuli and responses, or behaviors and consequences

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4
Q

Which type of learning pairs together stimuli and responses or behaviors and consequences

A

associative learning

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5
Q

Classical conditioning

A

an unconditioned stimulus that produces an instinctive, unconditioned repossess is paired with a neutral stimulus. After repetition the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response

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6
Q

Reinforcement

A

increases the likelihood of a behavior

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7
Q

Punishment

A

decreases the likelihood of a behavior

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8
Q

___ increase the likelihood of a behavior and ____ decreases the likelihood of a behavior

A

reinforcement and punishment

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9
Q

Observational learning aka modeling

A

is the acquisition of a behavior by watching others

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10
Q

Is dishabituation the change in response to the original stimulus or the new one

A

response to the original stimulus

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11
Q

Learning

A

refers specifically to the way in which we acquire new behaviors

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12
Q

Stimulus

A

anything to which an organism can respond

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13
Q

Is dishabituation the change in response to the original stimulus or the new one

A

response to the original stimulus and is temporary

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14
Q

Learning

A

refers specifically to the way in which we acquire new behaviors - change in behavior that occurs in response to a stimulus

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15
Q

A first year medical student is not used to seeing a wound and has an intense reaction the first few times after the tenth wound they do not have as great of reaction. What has occurred

A

habituation

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16
Q

Dehabituation often occurs late in the habituation process when a second stimulus is presented that interrupts the habituation process, this causes a ______ response to the original stimulus

A

increased

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17
Q

What are the two types of associative learning

A

Classical and Operant Conditioning

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18
Q

Classical conditioning

A

type of associative learning that takes advantage of biological, instinctual responses to create associations between two unrelated stimuli

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19
Q

How does classical conditioning work

A

classical conditioning works because some stimuli cause an innate or reflexive physiological response - example is salivating when we smell food - this is the unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response

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20
Q

Unconditioned response

A

innate or reflexive response

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21
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

any stimulus that brings an innate or reflexive response

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22
Q

Unconditioned response

A

innate or reflexive response

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23
Q

Neutral stimuli

A

stimuli that do not produce a reflexive response

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24
Q

If a neutral stimuli has the potential to be used as a conditioning stimulus then it is called

A

signaling stimuli

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25
Q

What was the US, UR, CR, and CS in Pavlov dog experiment

A

UCS: Meat
UCR: Salivating to smell of meat
CR: Salivating to the sound of bell
CS: Bell

26
Q

Unconditioned stimulus cause a ___ response and conditioned stimulus causes a ____ response

A

unconditioned response and conditioned response

27
Q

Is the result of the conditioned stimulus and response permanent

A

no, if a conditioned stimulus is presented enough without the unconditioned stimulus the organism can becom habituation the conditioned stimulus and this leads to extinction

28
Q

What is extinction in classical conditioning

A

when the conditioned stimulus is presented too many times without the unconditioned stimulus and the organism no longer responses to the conditioned stimulus

29
Q

Is extinction in classical conditioning permanent

A

after some time if an extinct conditioned stimulus is presented again a weak conditioned response can sometimes be exhibited - this is called spontaneous recovery

30
Q

Spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning

A

after some time if an extinct conditioned stimulus is presented again a weak conditioned response can sometimes be exhibited - this is called spontaneous recovery

31
Q

Generalization

A

broadening effect by which a stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can also be produced the conditioned response - such as a bad lemon can make someone not want any other citrus

32
Q

In the little albert experiment a loud noise was played when a white rat was presented, after little albert was scared of a white stuffed rabbit, sealskin coat, and a man with a white beard, what occurred

A

generalization

33
Q

Discrimination

A

an organism learns to distinguish between two similar stimuli - opposite of generalization - example knowing the difference between two different tones of bells

34
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

links voluntary behaviors with consequences in an effort to alter the frequency of those behaviors - reinforcement and punishment

35
Q

Behaviorism

A

theory that all behaviors are conditioned
B. F. Skinner
Operant Conditioning

36
Q

What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning

A

Classical is based on instincts and biological responses and operant is based on voluntary behaviors and consequences

37
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Add a stimulus to continue the behavior

38
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Remove a stimulus to continue the behavior

39
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Add a stimulus to stop the behavior

40
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Add a bothersome stimulus to stop the behavior

41
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Remove a stimulus to stop the behavior

42
Q

The differences between reinforcement and punishment and the differences between positive and negative

A
  • reinforcement is to continue the behavior and punishment is to get the behavior to stop
  • positive is adding a stimulus and negative is removing a stimulus
43
Q

Paying people to work is an example of what kind of operant conditioning

A

postive reinforcement

44
Q

The two main types of negative reinforcement are ____ and ____

A

escape learning and avoidance learning

45
Q

Taking an aspirin to reduce the unpleasantness of a headache is an example of what type of operant conditioning

A

negative reinforcement - escape learning

role of the behavior is to reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exists

46
Q

Studying before a test to ensure a good score is what type of operant conditioning

A

negative reinforcement - avoidance learning
meant to prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen - study for the test so you don’t get an unpleasant score

47
Q

If a thief is beat for stealing what type of operant conditioning is

A

positive punishment - the bothersome/hurtful stimulus of beating the thief is meant to stop the behavior of stealing

48
Q

If a parent tells a child they cannot watch TV because they had bad behavior this is an example of

A

negative punishment - the parent removed the TV as something the child enjoys to get the child to behavior better in the future

49
Q

Reinforcement schedules

A

the rate at which desired behaviors are acquired is also affected by the schedule being used to affect the behaviors

  • fixed or variable
  • ratio or interval
  • fixed interval, fixed ratio, variable ratio, and variable interval
50
Q

Fixed ratio schedule

A

reinforces a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior

51
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

reinforces the first instance of a behavior after a specified time period has elapsed

52
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A

reinforces a behavior after a varying number of performances of that behaviors

53
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

reinforce a behavior the first time that behavior is performed after a caring interval of time

54
Q

Which reinforcement schedule work the fastest for learning a new behavior and why

A

Variable-ratio, reinforces behavior after a varying number of performances

55
Q

Which reinforcement schedule is the most resistant to extinction

A

Variable-ratio

56
Q

VR can be used as a mnemonic to remember

A

Variable ratio is very rapid, to learn behavior and very resistant to extinction

57
Q

Shaping is

A

the process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors - like getting a bird to spin, you reward each little turn

58
Q

shaping is a type of ____ learning

A

operant conditioning

59
Q

Latent learning

A

learning that occurs without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced

60
Q

What are the three major processes of forming memories

A

encoding, storage, and retrieval

Behavioral Sciences (2 decks)

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