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b2 > learning and conditioning > Flashcards

learning and conditioning Flashcards

1
Q

define learning

A

the activity/process of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practicing, being taught or experiencing something

the activity of someone who learns

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2
Q

define learning from a psychology aspect

A

any relatively permanently change in the behaviour, feelings or thoughts as a consequence of prior experience

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3
Q

what are the 5 major learning theories in psychology

A 
cognitive
biological
humanistic
psychodynamic
behavioural
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4
Q

describe the cognitive learning theory

A

expectation/emotions from what you already know determine your learning behaviour - Expect a great lecture then you lead w a good experience

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5
Q

describe the biological learning theory

A

your biology (brain, genetics, hormones) determine your thoughts, moods and actions

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6
Q

describe the humanistic learning theory

A

individual’s desire to discover knowledge and understanding

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7
Q

describe the psychodynamic learning theory

A

(Sigmund Freud) – early conscious/subconscious childhood experiences determine learning behaviour

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8
Q

describe the behavioural learning theory

A

environmental stimuli influence learning behaviour

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9
Q

define behaviourism

A

psychological concept: everyone is born tabula rasa (blank slate) and all behaviours are acquired through conditioning

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10
Q

what are the 3 major types of learning according to behavioural psychology

A

1) Observational learning
2) Classical conditioning
3) Operant conditioning

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11
Q

what is observational learning?

A

Process of learning through watching others, retaining the info then replicating the observed behaviours

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12
Q

when is observational learning most common?

A

most common during childhood - kids learn from adults and peers

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13
Q

what was the purpose of the bobo doll experiment?

A

Experiment to see if kids who observe violence become aggressive

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14
Q

what models were used in the bobo doll experiment?

A

o Non-aggressive model
o Aggressive model + no consequences
o Aggressive model + reward
o Aggressive model + punish

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15
Q

what were the results of the bobo doll experiment?

A
  • Young kids imitate the violent and aggressive actions of an adult model
  • Boys show more aggression than girls
  • Reduced no. imitate aggression if adult model is punished
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16
Q

define conditioning

A

when a subject associates 2 things that don’t normally go together

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17
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

associate an involuntary response and a stimulus

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18
Q

describe what happens before conditioning

A
  • unconditioned stimulus produces an unconditioned response (natural reflex)
  • neutral stimulus produces no response
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19
Q

what happens during conditioning?

A

• UCS and NS are carried out at the same time and produce an unlearned behavioural response

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20
Q

what happens after conditioning?

A

conditioned stimulus produces a conditioned response

21
Q

what type of conditioning is emotional conditioning?

A

a type of classical conditioning

22
Q

how is the nervous system involved with emotional response?

A

involves ANS

Fight or flight response –> increased HR, sweating, weak knees etc

23
Q

what was the purpose of the little albert experiment?

A

Experiment to see if phobias can be learnt by emotional conditioning

24
Q

describe what happened in the albert experiment

A
  • Albert (baby) had no fear when exposed to diff stimuli (e.g. animals)
  • Albert was exposed to various stimuli + loud noise –> started crying
  • Albert was then shown stimuli only and cried
25
Q

what is generalisation?

A

similar response when responding to a similar stimulus

26
Q

what is the law of effect?

A

if behaviour is followed by a +ve/-ve response, then that behaviour will be repeated/discontinued

27
Q

describe the skinner experiment

A

• Rat put inside Skinner box
• Rat accidentally presses lever in cage for food/water (reinforcer) to be dispensed
• Repeating the action (reinforcement) = rat gets food
• Learns that pressing lever = food (conditioned)
o Positive action = reward
• Electric shock (punisher)  aversive consequence (punishment)

28
Q

what is extinction?

A

disappearance of learned response when reinforcement is removed

29
Q

what is spontaneous recovery?

A

reappearance of a certain conditioned response following a break period after extinction

30
Q

what is reinforcement?

A

aims to decrease a behaviour

31
Q

what is punishment?

A

aims to decrease a behaviour

32
Q

define phobias

A

unreasoning fear to a non-dangerous thing/situation associated w pain
o Learned anxiety of a specific object/situation

33
Q

what are methods of classical conditioning?

A

aversion therapy, systemic desensitisation, flooding (implosion therapy)

34
Q

what are methods of operant conditioning?

A

token economy, contingency management, extinction

35
Q

what is aversion therapy?

A

patient exposed to stimulus while simultaneously subjected to some discomfort

36
Q

how is aversion therapy used in alcohol use disorders?

A

• Repeatedly drink alcohol laced w disulfarim (causes severe nausea)  temporary aversion to alcohol can occur

37
Q

what is the success rate of aversion therapy for alcohol use disorders?

A

around 70% after 1 year post treatment

38
Q

what is implosion therapy?

A
  • Actual exposure to the stimulus of fear e.g. arachnophobic patient locked in a room full of spiders for 2 hours
  • Autonomic arousal involving ‘fight or flight’ will eventually subside
39
Q

who is implosion therapy not suitable for?

A

children, elderly or people w heart issues

40
Q

what are the benefits of implosion therapy?

A

Time and cost effective; takes a few hours + one session

41
Q

why do patients need to give consent for implosion therapy?

A

bc patients are exposed to high stress levels

42
Q

what is behaviourist’s learning theory?

A

abnormal behaviour has been learned so negative behaviour can be unlearned by replacing a response (e.g. anxiety) w another response (e.g. relaxation)

43
Q

what is systematic desensitisation?

A

Classical conditioning that can be used to treat phobias by associating phobia stimulus w relaxation

44
Q

what are the stages of systematic desensitisation?

A

1) relaxation - patient taught deep muscle relaxation
2) fear hierarchy - patient creates a ranked list of fear from least to most
3) exposure - over time, patient is exposed to fears in order of the hierarchy. relaxation used to overcome fear and then they move onto the next fear. if it doesnt work then they move to an earlier step

45
Q

what is the success rate of systemic desensitisation?

A

75%

46
Q

what is the most effective method of relaxation? in vivo or in vitro?

A

in vivo

47
Q

what is token economy?

A

• Targeted behaviour using tokens (secondary reinforcer) and later exchanged for reward (primary enforcer)

48
Q

what is contingency management?

A
  • Formal written contract between patient and therapist

* Outlines an agreement in the behavioural change goals, reinforcements, rewards given and penalties for failing

49
Q

describe how extinction works?

A

• Behaviour change produced by stopping reinforcing behaviour - removes response
o Removing the person from the situation that’s providing reinforcement e.g. take away attention that they find rewarding  unwanted behaviour is removed

b2 (5 decks)

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