Learning And Adaption

Question 0

US (Unconditioned Stimulus)

Answer 0

Naturally elicits an uncontrolled response (food itself)

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A process by which a relatively lasting change in behavior/capabilities is derived from experiences

Question 2

UR (Unconditioned Response)

Answer 2

Unlearned, automatically occurring response to the unconditional stimuli (salivation to food)

Question 3

CS (Conditioned Stimulus)

Answer 3

An originally neutral stimulus that, after association, with an unconditioned stimulus triggers a conditioned response (sound of dog food bag opening)

Question 4

CR (Conditioned Response)

Answer 4

Learned response to previously neutral conditioned stimulus (salivation upon hearing dog food bag opening)

Question 5

5 Major Conditioning Processes

Answer 5

Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination

Question 6

Acquisition

Answer 6

The stage in classical conditioning where the conditioned response (CR) is first elicited by the conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 7

Extinction

Answer 7

E presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (US) which results in the weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response (CR)

Question 8

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 8

The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response (CR) after a rest period, although it is usually weaker than originally and easier to make extinct again.

Question 9

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 9

The extension of conditioned response (CR) to a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli (CS) that has never been paired with the unconditioned stimulus (CS)

Think of the similar reaction to a police, ambulance, and firetruck siren, despite their different natures

Question 10

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 10

When the conditioned response (CR) fails to extend to other stimuli since they are not deemed similar enough to the conditioned stimuli (CS)

Think of how you don’t react to a car horn beeping in the same was as a police siren blaring since they aren’t similar enough

Question 11

Classical Conditioning Applications

Answer 11

Classical conditioning can condition emotional responses, such as attraction and aversion to a stimuli. Attractions, positive and negative outlooks, aversions, and anticipatory nausea and vomiting may all be conditioned with classical conditioning

Think little Albert

Question 12

“Exposure Therapy”

Flooding

Answer 12

The extinction of a conditioned response (CR) through forced exposure to the conditioned stimuli (CS) without the prescience of the (US) in the form of an immediate extinction trail

Question 13

“Exposure Therapy”

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 13

Muscular relaxation paired with gradual exposure to the fear inducing conditioned stimuli (CS) without the presence of the unconditioned stimulus (US) gradually to make the conditioned response (CR) extinct

Question 14

Aversion Therapy

Answer 14

Conditioning an aversion to a stimuli, such as sickness to alcohol for alcoholics. Stimuli that triggers unwanted behavior is paired with a noxious unconditioned stimuli (US) to motivate a cessation of the unwanted stimuli

Question 15

Classical Conditioning

Answer 15

Behavior changes due to association of two stimuli, the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

Focused on elicited behavior (voluntary)

Question 16

Operant Conditioning

Answer 16

Behavior influenced by consequences the follow action

Focuses on emitted behavior (involuntary)

Question 17

Differences between Classical and Operant Conditioning

Answer 17

Classical: Behavior changes due to the association of two stimuli, the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli (CS and US)

Operant: behavior changes as a result of the consequences that follow action

Question 17

Learning

Answer 17

Learning is association behaviors and consequences

Question 18

Shaping

Answer 18

The best know technique of operant conditioning, reinforcement (rewarding) used to guide behavior step by step to the desired goal

Think of teaching a dog tricks by rewarding each step of the sequence that makes up the whole trick

Question 19

Reinforcement

Answer 19

Reinforcement ALWAYS strengthens behavior. responses are strengthen by the consequences hat follow the behavior

Question 20

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 20

Occurs when a response is strengthened by the presentation of a stimulus (a positive reinforcer) that follows the behavior

Think holding the door rewarded by a thank you

Question 21

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 21

Response strengthened by a removal or avoidance of an aversive stimulus (an escape or avoidant negative reinforcer). NOT PUNISHMENT as it is escaping or avoiding something bad/unwanted

Think eating removing huger, cleaning room to avoid punishment

Question 22

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 22

Stimulus that is reinforced because it satisfied biological needs (food, drink, sleep, sex, etc.)

Question 23

Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 23

Reinforcers that reinforce due to an association with a primary reinforcer (money gives food/drink/sex, praise makes us happy, etc.)

Question 24

Thorndike's Law of Effect

Answer 24

Behavior followed by a satisfying consequences is more likely to occur, behavior followed by an unsatisfying consequence is less likely to occur

Question 25

Punishment

Answer 25

Behavior weakened by he consequences that follow

Question 26

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 26

Every response of a particular type is reinforced. More effective, elicited more rapid learning as the consequences are easier to perceive, making extinction more rapid) (Not reacting to any of the attention grabbing ventures of a child to create negative reinforcement)

Question 27

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 27

When only some of the responses of a particular type are reinforced (When a parent tries to avoid responding to an annoying child but still does occasionally)

Question 28

Types of partial Reinforcement Schedules

Answer 28

Ratio: reinforcement given after a number of responses Interval: reinforcement given after a certain amount of time

Question 29

Types of partial reinforcement schedules

Answer 29

Fixed: reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses or a set amount of time passes Variable: reinforcement occurs after a changing number of responses or unknown amount of time passes

Question 30

Fixed and Variable Ratio Schedules

Answer 30

Fixed Ratio (FR): reinforcement given after a certain number if responses Variable Ratio (VR): reinforcement given after a random number of responses (hardest to extinct)

Question 31

Fixed and Variable Interval Schedules

Answer 31

Fixed Interval Schedule (FI): first correct response after a set amount of time is reinforced Variable Interval Schedule (VI): first correct response after a random amount of time is reinforced

Question 32

Operant Extinction

Answer 32

The weakening and eventual disappearance of a behavior due to the response no longer being reinforced. The resistance to extinction is influenced by the pattern if reinforcement that has maintained the behavior up until that point. Good alternative to punishment

Question 33

Aversive Punishment

Answer 33

Response (behavior) weakened by the presentation of a subsequent stimulus (spanking, scolding, etc.) Potential to create psychological issues or discriminatory stimuli (don't curse in front of parents, do in front of others)

Question 34

Response-Cost Punishment

Answer 34

Response (behavior) weakened by a subsequent removal of a stimulus (loss of privileges, time outs) Gives time for reflection on why they were punished, les of chance of blaming it all on the punisher and not themselves

Question 35

Effectiveness of Punishment

Answer 35

Must occur after every transgression (consistently!), must be immediate (so there is no confusion of the reason), must be intense (to encourage maintained change), must not be signaled by a discriminative stimulus (can't pick and choose when to punish)

Question 36

Observational Learning

Answer 36

4 steps: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation! The bobo doll experiment, modeling is an effective means of learning. Conflicts with thorndike's findings.

Question 37

Latent Learning

Answer 37

Learning that occurs at time A but is shown at time B

Question 38

Intrinsic Rewards

Answer 38

The inherent rewards that come from doing something you love, like baseball for Derek Jeeter

Question 39

Extrinsic Rewards

Answer 39

The rewards associated with doing a behavior, such as the money Derek Jeeter makes by playing baseball. The reward is no longer from themselves but from the reward (money), or the team. May overpower the intrinsic rewards, so that the behavior will only be performed if the extrinsic reward is great enough

Question 40

Problems with Operant Conditioning

Answer 40

Does not fully account for what learning does. Does not account for our cognitive processes and biological predispositions

Question 41

Over justification

Answer 41

Incentive to preform changes as your incentive changes