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Psychology > Learning And Adaption > Flashcards

Learning And Adaption Flashcards

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0
Q

US (Unconditioned Stimulus)

A

Naturally elicits an uncontrolled response (food itself)

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1
Q

Learning

A

A process by which a relatively lasting change in behavior/capabilities is derived from experiences

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2
Q

UR (Unconditioned Response)

A

Unlearned, automatically occurring response to the unconditional stimuli (salivation to food)

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3
Q

CS (Conditioned Stimulus)

A

An originally neutral stimulus that, after association, with an unconditioned stimulus triggers a conditioned response (sound of dog food bag opening)

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4
Q

CR (Conditioned Response)

A

Learned response to previously neutral conditioned stimulus (salivation upon hearing dog food bag opening)

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5
Q

5 Major Conditioning Processes

A

Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination

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6
Q

Acquisition

A

The stage in classical conditioning where the conditioned response (CR) is first elicited by the conditioned stimulus (CS)

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7
Q

Extinction

A

E presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (US) which results in the weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response (CR)

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8
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response (CR) after a rest period, although it is usually weaker than originally and easier to make extinct again.

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9
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

The extension of conditioned response (CR) to a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli (CS) that has never been paired with the unconditioned stimulus (CS)

Think of the similar reaction to a police, ambulance, and firetruck siren, despite their different natures

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10
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

When the conditioned response (CR) fails to extend to other stimuli since they are not deemed similar enough to the conditioned stimuli (CS)

Think of how you don’t react to a car horn beeping in the same was as a police siren blaring since they aren’t similar enough

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11
Q

Classical Conditioning Applications

A

Classical conditioning can condition emotional responses, such as attraction and aversion to a stimuli. Attractions, positive and negative outlooks, aversions, and anticipatory nausea and vomiting may all be conditioned with classical conditioning

Think little Albert

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12
Q

“Exposure Therapy”

Flooding

A

The extinction of a conditioned response (CR) through forced exposure to the conditioned stimuli (CS) without the prescience of the (US) in the form of an immediate extinction trail

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13
Q

“Exposure Therapy”

Systematic Desensitization

A

Muscular relaxation paired with gradual exposure to the fear inducing conditioned stimuli (CS) without the presence of the unconditioned stimulus (US) gradually to make the conditioned response (CR) extinct

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14
Q

Aversion Therapy

A

Conditioning an aversion to a stimuli, such as sickness to alcohol for alcoholics. Stimuli that triggers unwanted behavior is paired with a noxious unconditioned stimuli (US) to motivate a cessation of the unwanted stimuli

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15
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Behavior changes due to association of two stimuli, the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

Focused on elicited behavior (voluntary)

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16
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Behavior influenced by consequences the follow action

Focuses on emitted behavior (involuntary)

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17
Q

Differences between Classical and Operant Conditioning

A

Classical: Behavior changes due to the association of two stimuli, the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli (CS and US)

Operant: behavior changes as a result of the consequences that follow action

17
Q

Learning

A

Learning is association behaviors and consequences

18
Q

Shaping

A

The best know technique of operant conditioning, reinforcement (rewarding) used to guide behavior step by step to the desired goal

Think of teaching a dog tricks by rewarding each step of the sequence that makes up the whole trick

19
Q

Reinforcement

A

Reinforcement ALWAYS strengthens behavior. responses are strengthen by the consequences hat follow the behavior

20
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Occurs when a response is strengthened by the presentation of a stimulus (a positive reinforcer) that follows the behavior

Think holding the door rewarded by a thank you

21
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Response strengthened by a removal or avoidance of an aversive stimulus (an escape or avoidant negative reinforcer). NOT PUNISHMENT as it is escaping or avoiding something bad/unwanted

Think eating removing huger, cleaning room to avoid punishment

22
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

Stimulus that is reinforced because it satisfied biological needs (food, drink, sleep, sex, etc.)

23
Q

Secondary Reinforcer

A

Reinforcers that reinforce due to an association with a primary reinforcer (money gives food/drink/sex, praise makes us happy, etc.)

24
Q

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

A

Behavior followed by a satisfying consequences is more likely to occur, behavior followed by an unsatisfying consequence is less likely to occur

25
Q

Punishment

A

Behavior weakened by he consequences that follow

26
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Every response of a particular type is reinforced. More effective, elicited more rapid learning as the consequences are easier to perceive, making extinction more rapid)

(Not reacting to any of the attention grabbing ventures of a child to create negative reinforcement)

27
Q

Partial Reinforcement

A

When only some of the responses of a particular type are reinforced

(When a parent tries to avoid responding to an annoying child but still does occasionally)

28
Q

Types of partial Reinforcement Schedules

A

Ratio: reinforcement given after a number of responses

Interval: reinforcement given after a certain amount of time

29
Q

Types of partial reinforcement schedules

A

Fixed: reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses or a set amount of time passes

Variable: reinforcement occurs after a changing number of responses or unknown amount of time passes

30
Q

Fixed and Variable Ratio Schedules

A

Fixed Ratio (FR): reinforcement given after a certain number if responses

Variable Ratio (VR): reinforcement given after a random number of responses (hardest to extinct)

31
Q

Fixed and Variable Interval Schedules

A

Fixed Interval Schedule (FI): first correct response after a set amount of time is reinforced

Variable Interval Schedule (VI): first correct response after a random amount of time is reinforced

32
Q

Operant Extinction

A

The weakening and eventual disappearance of a behavior due to the response no longer being reinforced. The resistance to extinction is influenced by the pattern if reinforcement that has maintained the behavior up until that point. Good alternative to punishment

33
Q

Aversive Punishment

A

Response (behavior) weakened by the presentation of a subsequent stimulus (spanking, scolding, etc.)

Potential to create psychological issues or discriminatory stimuli (don’t curse in front of parents, do in front of others)

34
Q

Response-Cost Punishment

A

Response (behavior) weakened by a subsequent removal of a stimulus (loss of privileges, time outs)

Gives time for reflection on why they were punished, les of chance of blaming it all on the punisher and not themselves

35
Q

Effectiveness of Punishment

A

Must occur after every transgression (consistently!), must be immediate (so there is no confusion of the reason), must be intense (to encourage maintained change), must not be signaled by a discriminative stimulus (can’t pick and choose when to punish)

36
Q

Observational Learning

A

4 steps: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation!

The bobo doll experiment, modeling is an effective means of learning. Conflicts with thorndike’s findings.

37
Q

Latent Learning

A

Learning that occurs at time A but is shown at time B

38
Q

Intrinsic Rewards

A

The inherent rewards that come from doing something you love, like baseball for Derek Jeeter

39
Q

Extrinsic Rewards

A

The rewards associated with doing a behavior, such as the money Derek Jeeter makes by playing baseball. The reward is no longer from themselves but from the reward (money), or the team.

May overpower the intrinsic rewards, so that the behavior will only be performed if the extrinsic reward is great enough

40
Q

Problems with Operant Conditioning

A

Does not fully account for what learning does. Does not account for our cognitive processes and biological predispositions

41
Q

Over justification

A

Incentive to preform changes as your incentive changes

Psychology (5 decks)

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