Learning Aim A - Human Growth and Development through the Life Stages

Question 1

Give the types of Development?

Answer 1

Physical, Intellectual, Language, Emotional, and Social

Question 2

What is a Life Stage?

Answer 2

Life Stages are the ages and stages that we go through as we learn and grow, from infancy to adulthood.

Question 3

Give the 6 Life Stages.

Answer 3

Birth and Infancy
Early Childhood
Adolescence
Early Adulthood
Middle Adulthood
Later Adulthood

Question 4

What is the Age Range in Birth and Infancy?

Answer 4

Birth and Infancy 0-2 years

Question 5

What is the Age Range in Early Childhood?

Answer 5

Early Childhood 3-8 years

Question 6

What is the Age Range in Adolescence?

Answer 6

Adolescence 9-18 years

Question 7

What is the Age Range in Early Adulthood?

Answer 7

Early Adulthood 19-45 years

Question 8

What is the Age Range in Middle Adulthood?

Answer 8

Middle Adulthood 46-65 years

Question 9

What is the Age Range in Later Adulthood?

Answer 9

Later Adulthood 65+

Question 10

Define Growth.

Answer 10

Growth is the increase in some measured quantity, such as weight or weight.

Question 11

What are the Four Principles of Growth?

Answer 11

→ Growth rates will vary.
→ Different parts of the body will have different body rates.
→ Children’s growth rates vary.
→ Typically boys grow at a faster rate on average than girls and men tend to be taller than women.

Question 12

How is the growth of a child measured and recorded?

Answer 12

→ Measurements include: head dimensions, child’s length, weight and height.
→ Measurements are plotted on a growth chart.
→ CentiIe lines show the norms of growth in each age group.
→ Growth charts will be different for girls and boys because their expected growth rates will differ.

Question 13

Define CentiIe Lines/Percentiles.

Answer 13

CentiIe Lines/Percentiles are the lines on a graph used to show average measurements of height, weight, and head circumference.

Question 14

Define Development.

Answer 14

Development are the complex changes including an increase in skills, abilities, and capabilities.

Question 15

What are the Four Areas of Development.

Answer 15

→ Physical Development
→ Intellectual/Cognitive Development
→ Emotional Development
→ Social Development

Question 16

What is Physical Development?

Answer 16

The growth and physical changes that happen to the body. Two areas of physical development include gross and fine motor skills.

Question 17

What is Intellectual/Cognitive Development?

Answer 17

It is the development of language, thinking, and memory skills.

Question 18

What is Emotional Development?

Answer 18

It is the learning to understand feelings about ourselves and others.

Question 19

What is Social Development?

Answer 19

It involves forming relationships and learning now to be self- sufficient.

Question 20

Define Development Norms.
(with example - not important)

Answer 20

Development Norms are a description of on average set of expectations with respect to a young child’s development. They describe expected developments of a child by expected ages.
Example - by the age of 12 months, a child has the ability to stand alone.

Question 21

Define Milestone.
(what it involves + example - not important)

Answer 21

**Milestone is an ability achieved by most children by a certain age **.
It can involve * Physical, Social, Emotional, Cognitive and Communication skills.
Example - walking, sharing with others, expressing emotions, recognising familiar sounds and talking.

Question 22

Define Gross Motor Skills.
With example.

Answer 22

Gross Motor Skills are the large movements that involve using the larger muscles of the body, which are required for more mobility.
An example of gross motor skills is running and exercising. The large muscles are the arms and legs.

Question 23

Define Fine Motor Skills. With example.

Answer 23

Fine Motor Skills are the small movements that involve using the smaller muscles of the body, that require more precise direction (dexterity).
An example of fine motor skills is picking up a pencil, writing. The small muscles are fingers and toes.

Question 24

Identify how Gross Motor Skills should develop during the Infancy stage.

Answer 24

Development during Infancy (0 - 2 years)
→ Newborn: Born with a grasp reflex.
→ 3 Months: Have developed head control, can raise head if lying on their stomach, and will start to strengthen their leg muscles by kicking.
→ 9 - 10 Months: Can crawl or shuffle on their bottom, can stand holding onto furniture. Most babies will have found some way of moving around.
→ 12 - 13 Months: Can sit from lying down, cruise and walk.
→ 2 Years: Can walk up and down steps, climb on furniture, and be able to move on a ride-on people.

Question 25

Identify how **Fine Motor Skills** should **develop** during the **Infancy stage**.

Answer 25

**Development during Infancy (0 - 2 years)** → ***Newborn***: *Can grasp a finger when it is put in their hand*. → ***3 Months***: *Able to hold a rattle for a short period of time*. → ***9 - 10 Months***: *Uses a **pincer grip** (thumb and index finger) to hold a small object*. → ***12 - 13 Months***: *Can clap their hands and point using their index finger*. → ***2 Years***: *Able to turn the pages of a book, draw lines and dots, and pull on their own shoes*.

Question 26

Define **Early Childhood**.

Answer 26

***Early Childhood is the period of development between the ages of 3 - 8 years where a child's strength and coordination improves***.

Question 27

Identify how **Gross Motor Skills** should **develop** during the **Early Childhood stage**.

Answer 27

**Development during Early Childhood (3- 8 years)** → ***3 - 4 years***: *Run forwards, backwards and sideways, kick a ball*. → ***4 - 5 years***: *Run and balance on one foot, hop*. → ***5 - 6 years***: *Jump over something and land with both feet together, skip*. → ***6 -7 years***: *Ride a bicycle, jump confidently*. → ***7 -8 years***: *Start to take part in many different sporting activities, run around obstacles, maintain their balance*.

Question 28

Identify how **Fine Motor Skills** should **develop** during the **Early Childhood stage**.

Answer 28

**Development during Early Childhood (3- 8 years)** → ***3 - 4 years***: *Turn the pages in a book, button and unbutton clothing*. → ***4 - 5 years***: *Write their own name, form letters correctly*. → ***5 - 6 years***: *Write simple sentences, use a knife and fork*. → ***6 -7 years***: *Write simple stories*. → ***7 -8 years***: *Begin to draw more detailed pictures as control of their smaller muscles improves*.

Question 29

Define **Adolescence**.

Answer 29

***Adolescence is an important status change following the onset of puberty during which a young person develops from a child into an adult***.

Question 30

Define **Puberty**.

Answer 30

→ ***Puberty is a period of rapid growth during which young people reach sexual maturity, and become biologically able to reproduce and secondary sexual characteristics develop***. → ***Puberty is the period of time when physical changes to male and female reproductive systems means they are able to reproduce***.

Question 31

Define **Primary Sexual Characteristics**.

Answer 31

***Primary Sexual Characteristics are processes related to the sex organs which are present at birth and mature when sex hormones are released during puberty***.

Question 32

Define **Secondary Sexual Characteristics**.

Answer 32

***Secondary Sexual Characteristics are characteristics that develop during puberty***.

Question 33

What is the **difference** between **Primary and Secondary Sexual Characteristics**?

Answer 33

***Difference between Primary and Secondary Sexual Characteristics*** → *Individual is born with PSC which are necessary for reproduction*. → *SSC develop during puberty when sex hormones are released into the body*. → *SSC are signs of a child developing into a man or woman*.

Question 34

Give **3 Primary Sexual Characteristics of Males**.

Answer 34

***3 Primary Sexual Characteristics of Males***: → *Testes produce sperm* → *Enlargement of penis* → *Secretions released from prostate gland*

Question 35

Give **3 Primary Sexual Characteristics of Females**.

Answer 35

***3 Primary Sexual Characteristics of Females***: → *Ovulation occurs* → *Menstruation begins* → *Uterus grows*

Question 36

Give **3 Secondary Sexual Characteristics of Males**.

Answer 36

***3 Secondary Sexual Characteristics of Males***: → *Voice breaks* → *Growth of chest and pubic hair* → *Growth of facial and armpit hair*

Question 37

Give **3 Secondary Sexual Characteristics of Females**.

Answer 37

***3 Secondary Sexual Characteristics of Females***: → *Breasts grow* → *Hips widen* → *Growth of pubic and armpit hair*

Question 38

Define **Hormone**.

Answer 38

***Hormones are chemical substances which travel in the body via the blood stream***.

Question 39

What is the ***Role of Hormones in a Male during Adolescence***?

Answer 39

***The Role of Hormones in a Male during Adolescence***: → *The pituitary gland sends a message to the testicles to produce testosterone*. → *This results in many changes such as an increase in body and pubic hair, an increase in height and enlargement of the penis*.

Question 40

What is the ***Role of Hormones in a Female during Adolescence***?

Answer 40

***The Role of Hormones in a Female during Adolescence***: → *The pituitary gland, which controls growth and development in the female body, sends a message to the ovaries to release the hormones oestrogen and progesterone*. → *This causes a female's breasts to grow and helps their vagina and fallopian tubes to develop*.

Question 41

Define ***Maturation***.

Answer 41

***Maturation is a time when our individual reaches their physical potential as their physical abilities reach their peak***.

Question 42

What are the ***Characteristics of Physical Maturity during Early Adulthood***?

Answer 42

***Characteristics of Physical Maturity during Early Adulthood*** → *Hand - Eye coordination is at its best*. → *Individuals have grown to full height*. → *Maximum physical strength and stamina have been reached*. → *Women are at their most fertile*.

Question 43

What ***Physical changes occur in a woman's body*** during pregnancy and lactation?

Answer 43

***Physical changes that occur in a woman's body are***: → *Pregnancy results in many physical and emotional changes in the female body to meet the needs of the unborn child. Progesterone maintains the pregnancy, then mains blood flow to the womb and helps the placenta to develop*. → *Oestrogen is needed for the correct development of many of the total organs, including liver, kidneys and lungs*.

Question 44

Define ***Perimenopause***.