Learning Flashcards
O1 - Know about why and how we study learning
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O2 - Know about what makes reinforcers and punishers effective.
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O3 - Know about how stimulus control works.
Schedule reinforcer
- Intermittent response- Only some responses are reinforced
- Schedule of reinforcement - A specification of the relation between responding and reinforcing
- Fixed- Interval (FI) schedule: A response is reinforced when a fixed amount of time has elapsed since the last REINFORCER (30 seconds after)
- Variable-interval (VI) Schedule: A response is reinforced when a variable amount of time have elapsed since the last reinforcer.
- Omission training, or Differential-reinforcement-of-other-behaviour (DRO) Schedule: A reinforcer is delivered when a fixed amount of time has elapsed since the last RESPONSE.
- Multiple Schedule: Two or more simple schedules of reinforcement are alternately available, each signalled by a particular discriminative stimulus.
- Stimulus Control: The extent to which stimuli that precede or accompany behaviour controls the rate or probability of the behaviour.
- Discrimination: Responding differently in the presence of different stimuli.
- Compound stimuli: A discriminative stimulus made up from elements from more than one dimension
O4 - Know about classical conditioning
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Non-associative learning
The change in your response caused by the repeated exposure to the same stimulus
Habituation
Part of non-associative learning, the decrease in your response as you get exposed to the same stimulus repeatedly. (I.E. getting used to something good that no longer excites you as it often occurs)
Sensitisation
Part of the non-associative learning. Your increase responsiveness (awareness) towards repeated stimulus. (I.e. you being sensitised by an often appearing situation that makes you so familiar to it you notice small changes)
Associative learning
relating one object or event with another object or event
Classical conditioning
The type of learning where a neutral (usual) stimulus becomes paired with a stimulus that elicits or draws out your responsiveness and behaviour. (I.e. when you hear a fire alarm, that triggers your bad memories about fire - instantly eliciting your fear or trauma)
A.K.A Respondent conditioning and Pavlovian conditioning
(Involuntary response) a response that only happened as it was shaped by stimulus where the responder inevitably or involuntarily response to.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
The stimulus that elicits automatic response (natural)
Unconditioned response (UR)
The automatic response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus — that requires no prior learning. This response can vary depending on the context or situation even with the same stimulus. E.g. seeing a cheesecake that makes you drool out when you are hungry but feel sick when you are full.
Conditioned Stimulus
The originally neutral stimulus that acquires significance through pairings with (US). It requires learning the response before such stimulus become significant. It is conditional as the response it elicit depends on which stimulus it is being paired to.
E.g. in Pavlov’s experiment, the tuning of forks becomes associated with the food (US) that elicits salivation for dogs. Salivation happens after the repeated tuning of fork - becoming associated with the “food”.
Acquisition
The initial learning of the conditioned response (CR).
Forward Conditioning / Trace Conditioning
The immediate follow of US after the CS. Occurs when the conditioned stimulus begins before the Unconditioned stimulus
eg. The tuning of fork begins before showing the food as if the conditioned stimulus is created as the symbolism of food — signalising that the food will follow.
The Trace conditioning example: the food must be presented after the tuning of the fork — cannot be shown while the fork is still tuning. Requiring the organism to remember the CS for the short interval time before being shown of the US.
Delayed Conditioning
The CS occur before and during the presentation of US.
Backward Pairing
Where US comes first before the CS
Where no conditioning occurs as the effect of CS no longer validate due to the US being acquired.
E.g The feeding of dog before the tuning of tone elicited no salivation as the US (primary interest of the dogs) was already acquired.
Simultaneous Conditioning
The possible acquisition of conditioning during the simultaneous presentation of CS and US. Although it does not guarantee to elicit response, there is a possibility that it will depending on different context (the US was not enough to make the dog feel satisfied, or the dog was super hungry that US was not enough therefore still creating effect of CS).
Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)
An emotionally charged, conditioned response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus.
Biological Preparedness
A built-in readiness for certain conditioned stimuli to elicit particular conditioned response.
(Typically exists as our response to stimuli that makes us feel endangered as our natural reflex of survival).
Counter-preparedness (contra-preparedness)
A built-in disinclination (inability) for certain conditioned stimuli to elicit conditioned responses.
Law of Effect
If a piece of behaviour is closely followed by the favourable consequence, the probability that the behaviour will be repeated is increased.
Operant (instrumental) Conditioning
Learning an association between a response and its consequences
Operant Behaviour
Behaviour that is controlled by its consequences. It is emitted.
Consequences lead to a changes in voluntary behaviour
Having both reinforcer and punishment
Reinforcer
An environmental event (stimulus) which increases the probability, or rate, of responses that it follows.
Shaping, or the Method of Successive Approximations
Reinforcing closer and closer approximations to the desired behaviour Invented by BF Skinner
Primary Reinforcer
A stimulus that increases the probability of responses that it follows because of its intrinsic biological significance, or survival value to the organism.
Something that we want for our primary need.
Secondary (conditioned) reinforcer
A previously neutral stimulus which has acquired its reinforcing effect because it had been repeatedly paired with a primary reinforcer.
Positive reinforcement
An addition to stimulus
Negative Reinforcement
An aversive stimulus that loses one response but reinforces the other.
E.g reinforcing the child that if they behave, they wont have to wash the dishes - chances of them behaving will increase, but chances of them washing the dishes decrease.
A removal of stimulus.
Positive Punishment
An appetitive stimulus that is presented for avoidance, for the organism to act in avoidance from it
Negative Punishment
An aversive punishment that makes someone behave in avoidance of its consequence (negative)
Extinction
A response that has no consequences (is not reinforced or punished) which is decreased.
Unpairing the US from CS
Escape
A response that terminates an ongoing aversive stimulus. Leaving a place that is too boring.
Avoidance
A response prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring.
Continuous reinforcement (CRF or FR1)
A response being continuously reinforced.
Intermittent reinforcement
Only some response are reinforced, according to a schedule of reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement Effect (PRE)
An effect where intermittent reinforcement has a longer effect than that of continuous reinforcement.
Discrimination
Responding differently in the presence of different stimuli.
Generalisation
responding in a similar way in the presence of stimuli to the training stimuli.
Schedule (intermittent) reinforcement
Fixed Term Schedule (FT)
Adventitious reinforcer
A Reinforcer which follows a response by chance, not because there was contingency between the response and the reinforcer. (Response-independent reinforcer)
E.g Giving someone chocolate without expectation of them behaving to something I want them to behave
Superstitious behaviour
Behaviour maintained by adventitious reinforcer.
e.g After giving the chocolate, they learned how to act good, therefore they do it again.
