Learning

Question 1

Learning (Definition)

Answer 1

Behavioural change due to experience

Question 2

3 ways experience is acquired

Answer 2

1. Observation
2. Physical action
3. Emotional sensation

Question 3

5 Factors which affect learning

Answer 3

1. Age and Developmental periods
2. Differing methods of learning
3. Conditioning - Classical and Operant
4. Reinforcement
5. Punishment

Question 4

Ontogeny (definition)

Answer 4

Development of behaviour throughout a lifetime

Question 5

6 Periods of Development

Answer 5

1. Neonatal 0-2wk
2. Transitional 2-4k
3. Socialisation 4-16wk (most important)
4. Juvenile 13wk- puberty
5. Mature
6. Geriatric

Question 6

7 Types of Learning

Answer 6

1. Associative learning (Conditioning). a. Classical, b. Operant
2. Trial and Error
3. Observational
4. Latent
5. Habituation
6. Learning set
7. Shaping

Question 7

Associative learning

Answer 7

Where the relationship between at least 2 stimuli becomes established
Classical and Operant

Question 8

Classical Conditioning

Answer 8

Predictable relationship between events, learning to respond to first event in anticipation of second event
- unconditioned response to unconditioned stimulus is required, with addition of neutral/conditioned stimulus

Question 9

In classical conditioning, food is…

Answer 9

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 10

In classical conditioning, bell is…

Answer 10

Neutral stimulus (at beginning)

Question 11

At completion of classical conditioning, bell becomes…

Answer 11

Conditioned stimulus

Question 12

In classical conditioning, salivation becomes…

Answer 12

Unconditioned response to food, to conditioned response to bell

Question 13

Operant conditioning

Answer 13

Learning by associating a behaviour with a consequence

Question 14

Negative punishment

Answer 14

Desirable thing taken away to decrease behaviour

e.g. Stop walking when pulling. Walk when pulling stops.

Question 15

Negative reinforcement (Avoidance)

Answer 15

Undesirable thing is taken away to increase behaviour

e.g. Pressure on check chain eased, when dog stopped pulling. Dog shy away from pulling, to avoid chain pressure.

Question 16

ABC of Operant conditioning

Answer 16

Antecedant
Behaviour
Consequence
CBC > ACBC > ABC

Question 17

Latent Learning

Answer 17

Learned without reinforcement, no visible indication of learning at time. Learning shows later on when reward present.

Question 18

Habituation Learning

Answer 18

Cease responding to repeated stimulus which is associated with neither positive or negative consequence. e.g. repeated loud noise, loss of fear after time.

Question 19

Learning Set

Answer 19

Learning with experience of similar problems- successive exposure to similar problems

Question 20

Shaping/Successive Approximation

Answer 20

A gradual series of steps used for learning of new behaviour. Use of easily- achievable steps.

Question 21

Reinforcement (Definition)

Answer 21

Procedure of providing consequences for behaviour that increase or maintain behaviour
Any event, made contingent on behaviour that strengthens the behaviour.
A PROCESS, NOT SINGLE EVENT

Question 22

2 Types of Reinforcement

Answer 22

1. Primary - biologically reinforcing/innate

2. Conditioned/Secondary - learned to associate with primary reinforcer (become reward on its own)

Question 23

3 Critical Principles of Positive Reinforcement

Answer 23

1. Immediate
2. Consistent
3. Desirable

Question 24

2 Reinforcement Schedules

Answer 24

1. Continuous Reinforcement - reward given every time
2. Intermittent Reinforcement
   - Fixed/Variable Ratio
   - Fixed/Variable Interval

Question 25

Benefits of Intermittent Reinforcement

Answer 25

More resistant to extinction

Results in greater responding

Question 26

Benefits of Variable Ratio and Interval Schedules

Answer 26

V. Interval - responding increases, dog cannot predict when next reinforcer given
V. Ratio - dog cannot predict when reinforcer will cease, result in high rate of responding

Question 27

6 Rules of Reinforcement

Answer 27

Immediate
Consistent
Varied
Desirable
Lots of repetition
Correct application of schedules

Question 28

Punishment (definition)

Answer 28

An event or application of stimulus that decreases probability of behaviour occurring in future

Question 29

Negative punishment

Answer 29

Removal of desirable stimulus

e.g. Withhold bikkie when paw up, Fergus stops keeping paw up.

Question 30

7 Rules of Punishment

Answer 30

Immediate
Consistent
Effective
Inevitable
Short and sharp
Alternative desired behaviour reinforced
Reduce motivation for behaviour that leads to punishment

Question 31

Problems with Punishment

Answer 31

Desensitisation
Redirection of behaviour
Associated with owner
Punishment escape- conditioned response to person
Aggression
Loss of trust and reduction of motivation to please
Behavioural issues- conditioned adverse reaction to previously neutral stimuli

Question 32

Extinction (definition)

Answer 32

Progressive reduction in frequency of response to stimulus through repeated exposure to stimulus without reinforcement.
No more reward, no more response given.

Question 33

3 Factors of Reinforcement

Answer 33

1. Timing
2. Criteria
3. Rate